Apush final term

Virginia Colony (Jamestown)

First permanent English settlement (1607); struggled early but survived with a tobacco economy.

New England Colony (Plymouth)

Settled by Pilgrims (1620) for religious freedom; Mayflower Compact = self-government.

Puritan Beliefs

Strict religious group; believed in predestination and building a 'city upon a hill'.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader of Massachusetts Bay; emphasized moral community.

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in the colonies (Virginia).

Salutary Neglect

Britain loosely enforced laws, allowing colonies self-government.

Great Awakening

Religious revival that emphasized individual faith over church authority.

Albany Congress (1754)

Colonial meeting to unify against French; first attempt at unity.

French and Indian War

War between Britain and France; led to British debt and taxes on colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

Stopped colonial expansion west of Appalachians.

Stamp Act (1765)

Tax on printed goods; angered colonists.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imports like glass and tea.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Punished Massachusetts after Boston Tea Party.

First Continental Congress

Colonies met to respond to British policies.

Second Continental Congress

Managed Revolutionary War; created army.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense, encouraged independence.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring freedom from Britain (1776).

Articles of Confederation

Weak first government with strong states.

Shays’ Rebellion

Farmers revolt showing weakness of Articles.

Constitution

Established stronger federal government.

Federalists

Supported Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed Constitution; wanted Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments protecting freedoms.

Washington’s Neutrality

Avoided foreign alliances.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

National bank, pay debts, strengthen economy.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers protested whiskey tax; showed federal power.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Limited speech and targeted immigrants.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

States could nullify federal laws.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. size under Jefferson.

Embargo Act

Stopped trade; hurt economy.

War of 1812

War vs Britain; boosted nationalism.

American System

Henry Clay plan: bank, tariffs, infrastructure.

Missouri Compromise

Maintained slave/free balance.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. opposed European colonization.

Andrew Jackson

Expanded democracy; strong president.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina challenged federal tariffs.

Bank War

Jackson destroyed national bank.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native Americans.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival; inspired reforms.

Abolition Movement

Effort to end slavery.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention.

Manifest Destiny

Belief U.S. should expand west.

Mexican-American War

U.S. gained western lands.

Compromise of 1850

Attempt to balance slavery issue.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Popular sovereignty caused violence.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Ruled slaves not citizens.

Republican Party

Formed to oppose spread of slavery.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist; raid on Harper’s Ferry.

Civil War

War between North and South (1861–1865).

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Confederacy.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

Citizenship and equal protection.

15th Amendment

Voting rights for Black men.

Reconstruction

Rebuilding South after Civil War.

Black Codes

Laws restricting freedmen.

Jim Crow Laws

Legalized segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Upheld 'separate but equal'.

Gilded Age

Time of industrial growth and inequality.

Vanderbilt

Railroad tycoon.

Carnegie

Steel industry leader.

Rockefeller

Oil monopoly (Standard Oil).

Gospel of Wealth

Rich should help society.

Knights of Labor

Labor union for all workers.

American Federation of Labor

Skilled workers union.

Homestead Strike

Violent labor strike.

Pullman Strike

Nationwide railroad strike.

Populist Party

Farmers’ political party.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist leader (free silver).

Gold Standard Act

Money backed by gold.

Imperialism

Expansion beyond borders.

Spanish-American War

U.S. gained overseas territories.

Open Door Policy

Trade access in China.

Progressive Era

Reforms to fix society problems.

Jane Addams

Social reformer (Hull House).

Sherman Antitrust Act

Broke up monopolies.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president; trust-buster.

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s reform program.

Roosevelt Corollary

Expanded Monroe Doctrine.

World War I

Global war (1914–1918).

Espionage Act

Limited anti-war speech.

Great Migration

Black Americans moved north.

14 Points

Wilson’s peace plan.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI.

Harlem Renaissance

Black cultural movement.

Flappers

Women who challenged norms.

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol.

Great Depression

Economic collapse (1929).

New Deal

FDR programs to fix economy.

Social Security Act

Government pensions.

World War II

Global war (1939–1945).

Pearl Harbor

Japan attack brought U.S. into war.

Internment Camps

Japanese Americans detained.

Cold War

Tension between U.S. and USSR.

Containment

Stop spread of communism.

Marshall Plan

Aid to rebuild Europe.

Korean War

Conflict between North/South Korea.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear standoff with USSR.

Civil Rights Movement

Fight for racial equality.

Brown v. Board

End school segregation.