Chapter 19

In 1899, what policy was articulated, which called for all Western powers to have equal access to Chinese markets?

Open Door Policy

Why did the US have this policy?

Fear that other imperial powers (Japan, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Russia) would attempt to carve China into spheres of influence, the economic interest of the US wanted China to be open and have free trade with all

The following year, in 1900, US troops joined a multinational force to prevent China closing trade by helping put down what movement opposed to foreign businesses and missionaries from operating in China?

Boxer Rebellion

What executive precedent did this set?

McKinley sent troops without consulting Congress, so POTUS can order American troops around the world under their executive power

Pacific territories began to be acquired by the US through which act?

Guano Islands Act of 1856

What two groups of American people spread to the Pacific islands?

Christian missionaries and merchants

What year did US missionaries arrive in Hawaii?

1820

What year did US missionaries arrive in China?

1830

What was started by missionaries in Hawaii?

Sugar plantations

During the 19th century, Hawaii was ruled by an oligarchy based on the sugar companies, together known as the “___________.”

“Big Five”

The powerful “white American elite” social class, also known as ________, operated outside the formal expression of American state power.

Haole

Under which corrupt, yet stable Mexican president’s regime did American capitalists invest large sums of money into Mexico during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Porfirio Diaz

The Mexican people revolted against Diaz, who was friendly to US business interests, in which year?

1910

Which Mexican revolutionary refused to allow for a free election and took power himself over the new government following the execution of their democratically elected president in 1913?

Victoriano Huerta

Why did President Woodrow Wilson invade and take the Mexican port city of Veracruz in 1914, without the consent of Congress?

To prevent a German shipment of arms from reaching Huerta’s forces

When Huerta’s government fell later in 1914, American occupation lasted until Huerta’s rival, Venustiano Carranza, took power, which Wilson supported, rather than his more radical rival ________.

Pancho Villa

After Wilson supported Carranza, how did Villa react?

Invaded the town of Columbus, New Mexico in March 1916, killing over a dozen soldiers and civilians

Who did Wilson order to lead soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa?

General “Blackjack” Pershing

Why did Pershing leave Mexico?

War in Europe looming and damage to US-Mexican relations.

American intervention in Mexico was a precursor to US intervention in which region of the world?

Latin America

What was the theme of American involvement in the Middle East?

Education, science, humanitarian aid

What two international conflicts were the US involved in beginning in 1898?

Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1898-1902)

Who maintained control over Cuba, who had been unsuccessfully fighting for independence against them for a large chunk of the 19th century?

Spain

How was Spain attempting to put down the uprisings?

Reconcentration; forcing Cubans living in certain cities to relocate en masse to military camps

What was the rallying cry of the Cubans living in the US, hoping for US involvement in Cuba?

Cuba Libre!

Why did President McKinley order the battleship Maine to Havana harbor in January 1898?

Concern about safety of American lives and property in Cuba

What happened on February 15, 1898?

The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor

Before the naval board of inquiry could investigate the cause of the explosion, the loudest Americans decided who was to blame?

Spain

What newspapers promoted sensational stories, at the cost of accuracy, and called for war with Spain following this event? What’s the most famous example?

Yellow journals; William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal

When did the US declare war on Spain?

April 25, 1898

The war was not only fought in Cuba but in the Pacific, where Commodore George Dewey engaged the Spanish fleet outside what then-Spanish colonial possession and now world capital, proceeding to blockade their harbor?

Manila, Philippines

Who gained recognition and fame for actions to help take San Juan Heights in Cuba?

Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders

What was Teddy’s job that he resigned to go fight in Cuba?

Assistant Secretary of the Navy

What treaty ended the Spanish-American War in December of 1898?

Treaty of Paris

What was the major land stipulation of the Treaty of Paris?

US acquired Spain’s former holdings of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

How did the Spanish-American War shape the American ego?

Boosted it; minister Lyman Abbott declared Americans were the “people of God” and saw God as helping the US; Senator Albert Beveridge saw the victory as an opportunity for American imperialism.

Due to this new American imperialistic ego, the United States annexed this group of islands in July 1898 after their monarchy had been overthrown by American businessmen.

Hawaii

What was the “pro-imperialism” debate of many Americans?

They coveted the economic and political advantages that increased territory would bring.

What was the “anti-imperialism” debate of many Americans?

They worried that imperial ambitions did not accord with the nation’s founding democratic ideals.

Why did Filipinos wage the Philippine-American War (1899-1902)?

The US could have given them the independence they had long fought for, but, instead, at the behest of President William McKinley, the United States occupied the islands.

What style of warfare did the Filipinos employ against the superior technology of the US military?

Guerrilla warfare and unfamiliar terrain; very similar to the attacks of US troops during the Indian Wars.

The American Anti-Imperialist League, made up of prominent leaders such as Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, and Mark Twain, protested American imperial actions on what grounds?

To decry foreign subjugation and uphold the rights of all to self-governance.

Why would a nativist be anti-imperialist?

Fear that American purity stood imperiled by contact with strange and foreign peoples.

How did Theodore Roosevelt’s position as secretary of the navy help shape him as an imperialist?

Was able to network with military theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan and naval officer George Dewey; oversaw the construction of new battleships and the implementation of new technology; all with the goal of projecting America’s power across the oceans.

Why did Roosevelt advocate for the annexation of Hawaii?

It was within the US “sphere of influence,” it would deny Japanese expansion and limit potential threats to the west coast, it had an excellent port for battleships at Pearl Harbor, and it would act as a fueling station on the way to pivotal markets in Asia.

Roosevelt became President in 1901, following the assassination of McKinley by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. What book, and which author, influenced Teddy to expand the military, specifically the navy?

The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan.

What were Alfred Thayer Mahan’s three reasons for the necessity of imperialism for the US?

1. A strong navy equals a strong nation. 2. Take over territory to be used as coaling and fueling stations for our ships. 3. Build a canal that would allow US ships to avoid going around South America to get to Asia.

Explain Roosevelt’s quote “speak softly and carry a big stick.”

Roosevelt’s “Big Stick policy:” we will use the might of our military and navy to ensure US power and influence over strategically important locations in the Western Hemisphere. The “big stick” is our navy.

The US actively intervened in Latin America through which two means? Define them.

1. Dollar diplomacy: Washington worked with bankers to provide loans to Latin American nations in exchange for some level of control over their national fiscal affairs.

2. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904): Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine (1823) to include preemptive action in Latin America to correct any fiscal wrongdoing (if Latin America doesn’t pay their debts to European powers, they can’t intervene, we will on their behalf.)

Through what means was construction of the Panama Canal ensured?

Roosevelt deployed naval forces in Colombia to help fight for Panamanian independence, in exchange, the new Panamanian government granted the US Canal Zone.

The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) justified actions that contributed to the United States new “self-claimed” status as …

World Police

Define “gunboat diplomacy.”

Naval forces and Marines land in a national capital to protect American and Western personnel, temporarily seize control of the government, and dictate policies friendly to American business, such as the repayment of foreign loans.

What motivated Roosevelt’s strong influence in the Caribbean?

He preached that it was the “manly duty” of the US to exercise an international police presence in the Caribbean and to spread benefits of Anglo-Saxon civilization to inferior states, populated by inferior peoples.

Define “dollar diplomacy.”

Federal government would work with bankers to provide loans to Latin American nations, in exchange for some level of control over their national fiscal affairs.

What is the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)?

Any Latin American nation that owed money to European nations but could not pay would be forced to pay by the US, by threat of “Big Stick policy”

What was the “Big Stick policy”? What’s the “Big Stick”?

The Navy, we’ll use our mighty navy.

What kind of opportunities were presented to women, when it comes to US imperialism?

Women could serve as representatives of American business, missionaries, teachers, medical professionals, artists, and writers to help transmit ideas about imperialism.

Why is imperialism considered a “highly gendered concept”?

Only Europeans and Americans had attained the highest level of civilization, which was superficially marked by whiteness but also included an industrial economy and a gender division in which men and women had diverging but complementary roles. Social and technological progress had freed women of the burdens of physical labor and elevated them to a position of moral and spiritual authority.

What are the three stages of civilization, marked by economic character?

Hunter-gatherer, agricultural, industrial

Which gender became associated with “consumption” of goods, and why?

Women, specifically commodities in the domestic sphere, because they are in charge of their family’s domesticity (Cult of Domesticity callback)

Why would a white woman, such as Jane Addams or Josephine Shaw Lowell, be anti-imperialism?

It was an outgrowth of their work in opposition to violence and in support of democracy.

Why would a black woman, such as Ida B. Wells, be anti-imperialism?

They generally viewed imperialism as a form of racial antagonism and drew parallels between the treatments of African Americans at home and, for example, Filipinos abroad.

Many of the women involved in both imperialist and anti-imperialist organizations were also concerned with the plight of whom…

new arrivals to the US; immigrants

How were industrialization, imperialism, and immigration linked?

Imperialism had at its core a desire for markets for American goods, and those goods were increasingly manufactured by immigrant labor.

Why did WASPs prefer the “Old Immigrants” over the “New Immigrants”?

Old Immigrants (Germans, Irish) more closely resemble the WASPs in race, language, and religion, while the New Immigrants (Italians, Poles, Eastern European Jews) were poorer and brought new faiths and languages that WASPs struggled with.

When did the switch happen, when the New Immigrants began to move over at a higher rate than Old?

Turn of the 20th century

Why were nativists and even some older immigrants oppose mass immigration?

“Unfit” for American democracy, the Italians and Irish may use violence or bribery to corrupt municipal governments, more immigrants would mean fewer jobs and lower wages, feared socialism and communism (especially after Haymarket Riot).

Why did critics oppose immigration regulations?

They legitimized racism, class bias, and ethnic prejudice as formal national policy.

What were the 2 laws that were passed by Congress to limit, and eliminate, Chinese immigration, making them the first immigrant group subject to admission restrictions based on race?

Page Act (1875): banned the entry of convicted criminals, Asian laborers brought involuntarily, and women imported “for the purposes of prostitution,” (to exclude all Chinese women). Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): suspension of all Chinese laborers.

What immigration restriction was passed for the purposes of the East Coast, denying admission to people who were not able to support themselves and those, such as paupers, people with mental illnesses, or convicted criminals, who might otherwise threaten the security of the nation?

Immigration Act (1882)

What 2 groups who posed “ideological threats to American republican democracy” also became the subject of immigration restrictions in 1903?

Anarchists and socialists

What legislation suspended Japanese immigration to the United States?

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

Why did Protestants doubt whether Catholics could ever make loyal Americans?

Catholics supposedly owed primary allegiance to the Pope