CTE unit 5 review

  The organelle that contains almost all the cell’s hereditary information

The nucleus

The first stop in the transport of newly formed proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Means of motility for the cell

cilia/flagella

Eukaryotic organelle where a lot of the enzyme catalase is needed

peroxisome

Contains chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Internal protein shield that some bacteria use to survive harsh environments

Endospore protective layers

A single membrane organelle full of enzymes that break down molecules

lysosome

Organelle that is important in the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids

Endoplasmic reticulum, both rough and smooth

The structure responsible for the shape of a cell

Cell wall

The thin, fragile structure surrounding the cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

 The thick, aqueous, elastic material inside the plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Called a capsule when organized and firmly attached to cell wall

Glycocalyx

Where proteins are synthesized

Ribosomes

The “powerhouse” of the cell that produces a lot of ATP

Mitochondria (or single cell: mitochondrion)

Which eukaryotic organelles most closely resemble a prokaryotic cell and why?

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts because these organelles possess their own circular DNA, prokaryotic-like ribosomes, and double membranes, and they reproduce independently via binary fission, similar to bacteria

Which organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

Which organelles do animal cells have that plant cells do not?

lysosomes and centrosomes

What are the three major principles of Cell Theory

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing, living cells

Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory

proposes that key eukaryotic organelles—specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts—originated as free-living prokaryotic bacteria that were engulfed by a larger host cell billions of years ago, establishing a mutually beneficial relationship

Define mitosis

Mitosis is a fundamental process of cell division where a single eukaryotic parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.

Define meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Primary phases of Cell Cycle

Interphase and Mitotic phase

What does Interphase do?

Growth and preparation of cell

What does the mitotic phase do?

Nuclear Division of Cell

What are the phases within Interphase?

G1 Phase, Synthesis Phase, G2 Phase, G0 Phase

What are the phases within the mitotic phase?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Where does the cell spend more than 90% of its time within the cell cycle?

Interphase

What is the proof of endosymbiotic theory?

Organelles possess their own circular DNA, double membranes, 70S ribosomes, and reproduce independently via binary fission