human Geo unit 4 vocab 2

 nation-state 

a sovereign state (country) whose political boundaries closely correspond with the cultural, ethnic, or linguistic boundaries of a specific nation of people

stateless nation       

a cultural or ethnic group (a nation) that shares a common identity, language, or history but lacks its own sovereign state, and is often dispersed across several existing states.

 multinational state       

a sovereign country that contains two or more distinct nations, ethnic groups, or cultural groups with traditions of self-determination within a single government

sovereignty

the supreme, absolute authority of a state (country) to govern itself, manage its own internal affairs, and control its foreign policy without interference from external forces

state

a formally defined, sovereign political entity comprising a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government that controls its own internal and foreign affairs

multi state nation

a single nation (ethnic/cultural group) that is dispersed across two or more sovereign states

Autonomous region

a defined area within a sovereign state that possesses a high degree of self-governance, allowing it to manage its own local affairs, laws, and, in some cases, economy, independent of the central government

nationalism

intense loyalty, devotion, and pride toward one’s nation

Self-determination   

the principle that a nation or ethnic group has the right to govern itself

Colonialism

the acquisition, control, and settlement of a foreign territory

Decolonization

the 20th-century process where colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean gained independence from European powers, transforming the global political map

Genocide

Aims for the physical destruction/extermination of a group.

Cold War

a period of ideological, geopolitical, and economic tension between the U.S. (capitalism) and USSR (communism),

Satellite states

formally independent nations that are heavily influenced, dominated, or controlled by a more powerful country

devolution                

the transfer of power, authority, and decision-making from a central/federal government to regional, subnational, or local governments

Choke point

a narrow, strategic passage—typically a strait, canal, or waterway—that constricts maritime trade, oil transport, and military movement

neocolonialism

the control of less-developed countries by powerful nations through indirect economic, political, and cultural pressure

relic boundary        

former political border that no longer functions as an active, administrative line, but remains visible in the cultural or physical landscape

superimposed boundary        

a political border imposed on an area by an outside, conquering, or colonizing power that ignores existing cultural, ethnic, or linguistic landscapes

 antecedent boundary      

a political border established before an area is significantly populated, developed, or the cultural landscape emerges

consequent boundary

a political boundary drawn to coincide with existing cultural, linguistic, ethnic, or religious divides among groups, rather than being imposed externally

demarcated boundary    

a border physically marked on the ground, such as with fences, walls, signs, or, in some cases, natural features, to show the precise limit of a state’s territory or jurisdiction

Demilitarized Zone

a designated region, often along a boundary, where military forces, installations, and activities are forbidden by international treaty or agreement

Berlin Conference

a meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers convened to discuss the partition and colonization of Africa.

landlocked

a sovereign country completely surrounded by the land territory of other nations, lacking direct access to an ocean or sea that connects to an ocean

maritime boundary

legal, mapped, and negotiated lines dividing ocean space into areas of national jurisdiction

UNCLOS

a 1982 international treaty (in force since 1994) establishing a legal framework for governing the world's oceans

international waters

ocean areas beyond any nation’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)—generally over 200 nautical miles from shore—where no single country has sovereignty