Rutgers Animal Science Exam 3

Which of the following is not part of the swine facilities on the Cook Campus Farm?

A. Farrowing house

B. Finishing platform

C. Pasture

D. Slaughter facility

D. Slaughter facility

Which of the following was the first mammalian species domesticated for scientific purposes?

A. Guinea pig

B. Mouse

C. Cat

D. Rat

D. Rat

True or False? The main goals of Laboratory Animal Science: Management and Techniques and Laboratory Animal Practicum are to prepare students as lab animal technicians or research technicians in research labs.

True

True or False? The 3 R's in Laboratory Animal Science are: reduce, reuse, refine.

False

During which time period were major medical advances made, including the development of vaccines, anesthetics, surgical techniques, and techniques to prevent infection?

A. 1950

B. 20th Century

C. 19th Century

D. None of these is correct

C. 19th Century

True or False? The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) performs several functions, including inspecting animal facilities twice a year.

True

What is a sow?

A. A castrated male pig

B. A female pig that has farrowed one or more litters

C. An intact male pig kept only for breeding purposes

D. Any female pig that has not yet given birth

B. A female pig that has farrowed one or more litters

Why are pigs said to be "plastic"?

A. They reach puberty early

B. They have a long gestation period

C. They have a low reproductive rate

D. They are made of plastic

A. They reach puberty early

What is a reason to cull a sow?

A. Low to no structural soundness in feet and legs

B. Did not become pregnant

C. Low number of pigs weaned

D. All of these answers are correct

D. All of these answers are correct

True or False? Heterosis is a measure of the proportion of total phenotypic variability in a group that is due to genetic variability.

False

True or False. In general, if the heritability of a trait is low, the heterosis for that trait will be high, and vice versa.

True

Which of the following horse breeds did you NOT see on the farm visit?

A. Paint

B. Thoroughbred

C. Standardbred

D. Clydesdale

D. Clydesdale

Which of the following horse gaits was NOT demonstrated on the farm visit?

A. Walk

B. Pace

C. Rocker

D. Gallop

C. Rocker

Which of the following is a 2-beat gait?

A. Walk

B. Pace

C. Rocker

D. Gallop

B. Pace

Which breed of cattle did you NOT see on the farm visit? (Remember: there was only one cow for one of the breeds that you did see, and that was at a distance.)

A. Holstein

B. Black Angus

C. Simmental

D. Hereford

C. Simmental

What was being fed to the cattle while you were visiting the farm? (Remember, you probably stepped on it, and you did walk around it!)

A. Hay

B. Silage

C. Oats

A. Hay

Is there an increase or decrease in production of pigs?

Increase

Why was there a decrease in the pig industry around 2014?

Swine flu

The _____ most important money generator in U.S. animal industry — ~ $15 billion annually.

fourth

The United States produces ~__% of the world's pig meat production

10

Pig meat production accounts for ___% of the world's meat production.

43

Surplus grain + by-product feeds -pigs->

meat

What are two origins of domesticated pigs?

Asian wild boar and European Wild boar

How did pigs arrive in the western hemisphere?

Columbus brought 8 pigs to the west indies and Hernado de Sato 13 to Tampa Bay, Florida

How are pigs plastic?

early puberty, short gestation (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days), and high productive rate

How long is a pig's gestation period?

3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days

What are the variations in pigs?

Size, Shape, and Color

What are the different sizes of pigs?

Domestic hog, miniature, and teacup

How big is a male domestic hog?

350lb, can grow to >1000lb

How big do female domestic hog?

275lb, can grow to >900lb

How big are miniature pigs?

120lb when sexually mature

What breed are miniature pigs mainly from?

Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs

How big are teacup pigs?

40-50lb

What is the most dominant pig colors?

white>black>red

What is a gilt?

Female pig that has not had a litter yet

What is a sow?

female pig that has given birth

What is a boar?

An intact male pig

What is a barrow?

castrated male pig

What is a piglet?

baby pig

What is farrowing?

giving birth

What is a feeder pig?

newly weened pig

What is finishing?

production phase between the nursery and market

What is a monogastric?

simple stomach

When does a pig reach puberty?

6 months

How long is a pigs estrous cycle?

21 days

What is a boar's reproductive life span?

2 years

What is a sow's reproductive life span?

4-6 years

what is the average litter size of pigs?

10.5

what is the average pig litter at weaning?

8.6

What is the pig's average birth weight?

1200 g

when do pigs wean?

10-40lb at 2-6 weeks

What are some reasons for culling a sow?

poor lacation, soundness of legs and feet, estrus after breeding

What are the economically important traits of swine?

Reproductive traits, Growth Performance Traits, Carcass traits, Soundness traits, & General principles-genetic improvement of traits

Reproductive traits of a pig:

Number of piglets alive, ovulation rate, dystocia, and lactation

What is heritiability?

Proportion of total phenotypic variability in a group that is due to genetic variability

What is heterosis?

the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents.

Is heritability high or low for reproductive traits in swine?

low: 10-20%

Is heterosis high or low in response to cross-breeding swine?

high

What is the average daily gain for boars?

2.0-2.5 lbs a day

How heavy should boars be?

230lb by 150 days

What is the average feed effiency in swine (feed to gain ratio)?

~2.4 lbs of grain to ~2.4 lbs to gain

For growth traits, heterosis is....

moderate

Reproductive traits in which breeds are best...

Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White, & Large White

Growth traits in which breeds are best...

Duroc for ADG and Hampshire for FE

Backfat Thickness (swine)

The depth of backfat, listed as either average, last-rib backfat thickness, or 10th-rib fat depth. A lower number indicates a leaner hog: a higher number, a heavier hog. Typically abbreviated as "BF" or "FT" for EPDs.

carcass traits

Fat thickness, ribeye area, carcass weight, marbling score, % retail product

the % lean (swine)...

is the best measure of carcass quality and requires slaughter

Carcass traits heritablity is...

high

Carcass traits heterosis is...

low

best breeds for carcass traits are...

hampshire and poland china

What are the standards for the pork market?

Market wt of 270 lbs in 156 days for a barrow or 164 days for a gilt; 205 lbs of carcass

FE ≤ 2.4

LEA at 270 lbs ≥ 6.5 sq. in. for barrows and ≥ 7.1 sq. in. for gilts.

Fat free lean index of ≥ 53 for barrows and ≥ 54.7 for gilts (calculated by special formula)

Result of terminal cross breeding

Free of "stress gene" and all other mutations.

From a maternal line weaning 25 pigs/sow/year

What are soundness traits in swine?

Structural sounds in legs and feet, reproduction (external genetalia), and the underline

Why is the structural soundness of legs and feet important in swine?

support boar when mating, may spend entire life on concrete,

Why is the underline important to structural soundness?

7 or more teats that are evenly spaced and functional, 3 or more pairs anterior to navel,

The heritibility of soundness of legs and feet are...

low

the heritability of underline in swine is...

moderate

the best breeds for structural soundness in swine are...

Landrace, yorkshire, large white, hampshire, duroc

What are the four major white swine breeds?

Yorkshire, Landrace, large white, and Chester white

What are the characteristics of yorkshire?

White, erect ears, litter size, 21 day litter wt, & structual soundness

What are the characteristics of landrace?

White, droopy ears, litter size, 21 day litter wt, & structual soundness

What are the characteristics of large white?

white, erect ears, prominent sow breed of Europe, ancestor of the Yorkshire breed

Large Whites imported into U.S. from Yorkshire, England are ancestors of Yorkshire breed

b. noted for strengths in all sow traits & most sire traits

What are the characteristics of chester white?

short drooped ears, litter size, conception rate

What are the five major colored breeds of swine?

Duroc, Hampshire, Poland China, Berkshire, and Spotted

What are the characteristics of Duroc?

red, drooped ears

fastest growing

strongest in performance traits

strong in structural soundness

What are the characteristics of Hampshire?

black with white belt over shoulders, erect ears

lowest backfat, large LEA

best carcass traits,

strong structural soundness

What are the characteristics of Poland China?

black w/white points, drooped ears, and large LEA

What are the characteristics of Berkshire?

black with white points, erect ears

What are the characteristics of Spotted?

black & white, drooped ears

What are the characteristics of the best swine breeding system?

Cross breeding for high heterosis, genetic selection for most heritible traits, improve economic important traits (low heritability)

What are the five types of swine operations?

Farrow to Finish, Feeder Pig Production, Finishing, Purebred, & Integrated Swine Production

What is a farrow to finish operation?

A breeding herd is maintained to produce piglets that are raised all the way to market weight on the same farm

What is feeder pig production operation?

maintain breeding herd & produce feeder pigs for sale at ~40-50 lb.

What is finishing operation?

buy 40-50 lb feeder pigs & grow to

market wt (230-260 lbs)

What is purebred operation (swine)?

produce purebred boars & gilts for sale - breeding stock

semen for A.I. produced mostly by breeding companies which do not sell boars

What is integrated swine production?

Growing segment & follows trend in poultry industry

Combines farrow-to-finish plus seedstock productio

What are some other uses for pigs?

research, biomedical products, Xenotransplantation, work animals, companion animals

When was the swine center at cook farm built and renovated?

1920s, 1988

What does the swine center help with?

research, teaching, and showing swine

what does the swine center at cook campus include?

Farrowing House, Pig Platforms and Pig Fields

What breeds of swine are at cook farm?

Landrace (floppy ears), Yorkshire (erect ears), Duroc, and Hampshire