13. Research Methods in Psychology - Inferential Statistics

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to inferential statistics as discussed in the lecture.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A statement claiming no relationship in the population, suggesting that any observed relationship in the sample is due to chance.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

A statement indicating that a relationship exists in the population, reflecting the sample findings.

p Value

The probability of obtaining a sample result as extreme as the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Statistical Significance

A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, typically assessed using a significance level.

Practical Significance

The importance of a statistical result in a real-world context, beyond just being statistically significant.

t-Test

A statistical test used to assess differences between the means of two groups.

One-Way ANOVA

A statistical method used to compare means across more than two groups.

Type I Error

The error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).

Type II Error

The error of retaining the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).

Statistical Power

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false, indicating the effectiveness of a test.

Effect Size

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon, used to indicate the strength of a relationship.

Replicability Crisis

A situation in psychology where researchers have difficulty replicating previously published findings.

Questionable Research Practices (QRPs)

Practices that undermine the integrity of research, such as selective reporting and data manipulation.

Open Science Practices

Research practices that promote transparency and openness, encouraging accessibility of data and methodologies.

Sampling Error

The error that arises when a sample statistic is not representative of the population due to random variability.