Lecture 7

IQ

characteristic that is heritable

90

height and weight are _____% heritable

similar

siblings are often ______ in terms of height and weight

easy, difficult

we often describe children's early temperament as ______ or ______ to socialize

less

Richard was _______ extroverted than Roland

easy

Richard and his sister were ________ to socialize

internal locus of control

belief that your behavior influences your results

internal

is external or internal locus of control healthier?

similar

Richard and Roland were ________ in terms of internal locus of control

heritability quotient

an estimate of the proportion of variability in a given characteristic that can be attributed to genetic differences between people

more

if you are a twin, you are _______ likely to have twins

200, 300

to generate a heritability quotient, you need _______ or ______ people

50

fraternal twins share _______% of genes

siblings

the percentage of genes shared by fraternal twins is similar to that of ________

100

identical twins shared _______% of genes

2, 20

____% of all birth are twins and _____% of these are identical twins

same-sex

in natural experiments, we must use ______-_____ twins for fraternal twins

more

for personality traits, identical twins are _____ similar than fraternal twins

r

symbol for correlation

0.20

significant correlation

0.25

for E, the average difference of correlation between MZ twins and DZ twins is ______

50, genes

approximately ____% of extraversion is accounted for by _______

Big 5

there is 50% of heritability among the ______ _____ traits

similar, influence

even for identical twins who were raised apart, there is a _______ correlation, so the environment doesn't have a lot of ________

0.03

shared environment only accounts for _______% of variance

2

locus of control is in the level _____ of the personality model

no

for locus of control, genetic factors have almost _______ effect

similar, environment

MZ twins and DZ twins that grew up together have a _______ correlation, showing the big impact of the __________

2-5

shared environment accounts for only ___-______% of variance

shared environment

influences that operate to make family members similar

non-shared environment

influences that operate to make family members different

examples of non-shared environment

friendship groups, birth order

20

for the variance in personality traits, the measurement error accounts for ______%

25

non-shared environment accounts for _____% of variance in personality traits

personality

the friendship groups we chose are determined by our ________

genetic

extreme negative environments and abusive/neglectful parenting overwhelms _______ predispositions children may have

N, C

bad parenting can cause children to be more _____, erratic, and low ______

no

is there evidence for positive parenting?

higher

regarding birth order, the first born have _______ IQs

profiles

the birth order is unrelated to the Myers-Briggs test _______

firstborns

are more conservative, high achieving, conscientious

laterborns

are more agreeable, rebellious, open to new ideas, sense of humor

no

there is ______ reliable big 5 trait differences related to birth order

N

_____ tends to be stable over years

increases

exposure to stressful life events ________ N

same

exposure to stressful life events had the ______ effect on MZ and DZ twins, proving the non-influence of genes

evocation

mechanism when you behave extroverted and thus make friends, which then reinforces your extraversion

role selection

mechanism when you chose a social role which then reinforces your tendencies