Biology - RNA, Gene Expression, & Mutations

My bio RNA, Gene Expression, & Mutations quizlet

Characteristics of DNA

double stranded

DNA base pairing: Adenine pairs with _______ Cytosine pairs with _______

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine

RNA contains the sugar:

ribose

In RNA adenine pairs with?

Thymine

Is RNA single or double stranded?

Single

Function of RNA

To create proteins that make: organelles

mRNA (messenger RNA) function

Gets code from DNA

Takes the code from the nucleus to a ribosome.

tRNA (transfer RNA) function

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to the mRNA

rRNA function

= ribosomal RNA

Structural component of ribosome

Gene expression definition

the cell is using genes to synthesize proteins

common feature of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Four common features of all cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

1. Cytoplasm

2. Cell membrane

3. Genetic information (DNA/RNA)

4. Ribosomes

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

1. Transcription

2. Translation

You must get a prescription before you can get your medication!

Transcription definition

Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the code from DNA in the nucleus

Steps of transcription

1. helices hacks hydrogen bonds

2. RNA polymerase pastes nucleotides (U instead of T)

3. mRNA leaves the nucleus

Transcribe the following sequence of DNA into mRNA:

DNA: GCAATA

mRNA: CGUUAU

Codon definition

Every three nitrogen bases on the mRNA

Each codon codes for a specific amino acid

3 NUCLEOTIDES= 1 CODON = 1 AMINO ACID

Translation description

The ribosome translates the mRNA bases into amino acids at the ribosome.

How does translation work?

Ribosomes attach to the mRNA

tRNA picks up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them to the mRNA at the ribosomes.

Once an amino acid (which was attached to the tRNA) has joined the chain

How does tRNA know what amino acid to bring to the ribosome?

Each tRNA contains an anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon

What has an anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon?

tRNA

What takes a copy of the DNA's instructions out of the nucleus to the ribosome?

mRNA

What brings amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA

How do different cells have different functions even though they have identical DNA?

Different genes are transcribed in each cell

Definition of cell differentiation

While you were in the womb

Mutation

change in the genes

A type of gene mutation where one base is changed to another?

Substitution

A type of gene mutation where one base is added to the gene

Insertion

A type of gene mutation where a base is removed from the gene

Deletion

What is a frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

What types of gene mutations lead to frameshifts?

Insertion or deletion

(not substitution)

Point mutation

a change in a single nucleotide of DNA

Silent mutation

change in the RNA sequence but no change in the protein coded for

Nonsense mutation

introduction of a premature stop codon

Missense mutation

substitution of a different amino acids than originally coded for

chromosomal mutation

involve changes in the number or structure of entire chromosomes.

Chromosome

A long structure of DNA containing multiple genes

Contains millions of basepairs

loss of all or part of a chromosome

deletion

extra copies of parts of chromosomes

duplication

reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes

inversions

part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

translocations