Main Group CHE 2C

Halous acid

HOXO

Alkali Metals

Group 1

Li

forms oxide (X2O)

Noble Gases

odorless, colorless, monoatomic group

N

Prevents O2 overdoses and prevents O2 explosions in the air

N

in some explosives that are exothermic and create stable products - used in propellants

Si

major component of glass

B

electron deficient and can have an incomplete octet

Alkali Metals

With addition of energy, electrons is s orbital can go to p orbital

Alkali Metals

ns^1

Alkali Metals

often used in fireworks due to delta E giving off visible light wavelengths

Alkali Metals

weak bonding, low melting points

Alkali Metals

soft metals, low density (float)

Alkali Metals

form oxides readily

Na

forms peroxide (X2O2)

K, Rb, Cs

form superoxides (XO2)

Hydrogen

1s^1 nonmetal

Hydrogen

Colorless, odorless, tasteless, low density, low LDFs, low temperatures needed to become liquid

Alkaline Earth Metals

+2 oxidation state

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2

Alkaline Earth Metals

generally produced by reduction

Alkaline Earth Metals

low densities, mps, bps; insoluble and don't decompose with heating

Beryllium (Be)

alkaline earth metal with higher mp, harder, smaller, unreactive in air or water, higher ionization energy, generally covalent

Radium (Ra)

radioactive group 2

Ca

XO + sand + gravel + water form concrete

Ca

Chalk/limestone have this element in them --> heated to form quicklime

Ca

Acidic rainwater protonates solid compound with this element in the ground and forms aqueous compound --> responsible for formation of caves, stalactites, stalagmites

Ba

X sulfate is visible in x-rays and is ingested in low concentrations for x-rays despite being toxic

CO3^2-

ion in hard water that causes the buildup of deposits in household items

Mg and Ca

ions in hard water which form precipitates with soap, reduce its effectiveness

ion exchange column

appliance which helps remove hard water

NaCl

Compound in ion exchange columns which helps with filtration

Icosagens

Group 13

Icosogens

Common oxidation states are +1 and +3 (inert pair effect)

Icosogens

Form dimers (2 identical compounds bind together)

Icosogens

Relatively soft, good conductors, reactive

Al

forms many precious gems

Al

most abundant metal in Earth's crust

Al

Lightweight metal

Aluminum (Al)

formed by electrolysis, reducing agent

Gallium (Ga)

Obtained by smelting

Gallium (Ga)

higher density liquid state (like water)

Gallium (Ga)

diffuses into crystal lattices of metals

Gallium (Ga)

used in electronics, LEDs, transistors, semiconductors, amplifiers, solar cells

Indium (In)

Squeals when bent

Indium (In)

can be either strong oxidizing or reducing agent depending on ox. state

Indium (In)

electrodes in LCDs and touch-screens, coatings, alloys, solders, electrical components, transistors, optical devices

Thallium (Tl)

Greek word for twig, historically used as poison

Thallium (Tl)

superconductor, lamps, electronics, photoelectric cells, pharmaceutical industry, glass manufacturing

Tetragens

Group 14

Tetragens

formed by roasting and then reduction

Tetragens (Carbon Family)

Pb and Sn are in this group

Sn

element used in storing food, solders, pewter (alloy)

Pb

used in batteries, ammunition, pipes

Pb

poisonous - interferes with heme in blood

Pb

used to be found in gasoline, pencils, paint, and solders

Noble Gases

Group 18

He

Escapes atmosphere but found trapped in some locations (e.g., Texas)

He

Fuel diluent: H2 and O2 are too high of a flame risk so this element is used to dilute containers of these gases for safety

He

Superfluidity - does not experience viscosity; multiple fluid phases possible

Ne

Name is Greek for "new one"

Ne

Lights: emits light under a current

Ar

Third most common gas that comprises air

Ar

Name is Greek for "lazy"

Ar

Applications: inert gas for welding, some light bulbs, radioactive dating (K-X)

Kr

Hcp packing structure

Kr

name is Greek for "hidden one"

Kr

Product of fission - used to measure worldwide nuclear activity

Xe

More readily oxidized than other noble gases - more reactive

Xe

Halogen lamps, flash tubes

large noble gases

when bonded with electronegative element (O or F), the EN element can remove an electron and bind to the element

C

below which element's row is an expanded octet possible?

Halogens

Group 17

Halogens

produced industrially by electrolysis or oxidation

Halogens

electronic configuration ns2np5

F-

Most reactive halogen

I

Least reactive halogen

HOX

Hypohalous acid

Hypohalous acid

HOX

HOXO

Halous acid

HOXO2

Halic acid

Halic acid

HOXO2

HOXO3

Perhalic acid

Perhalic acid

HOXO3

+7

Ox state for perhalic acid

+1

Ox state for hypohalous acid

+3

Ox state for Halous acid

+5

Ox state for Halic acid

Teflon or PTFE

Halogen product used for nonstick purposes

Freon or CFCs

halogen compound that causes ozone depletion; global warming potential

PVC

Halogen compound that causes health issues: hazardous production, not readily recyclable, disposal, lethal additives

Chalcogens

Group 16

S

mined in Texas and Louisiana

S

vulcanized rubber used for tires is one application of this element

SO2 and NO2 emissions

Produce acid rain

S

used in hair care products

S

used in chemical warfare

Po

named after European country

Po

used in nuclear weapons, one of the most lethal substances known

Pnictogens

Group 15