Bio exam 1

Biology

the study of living things

Which statement about biology is true

Biological literacy is the ability to integrate ideas about biology into making wise decisions for oneself.

Thinking scientifically relies on

objective observation and experimentation

In the laboratory, you see a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. What is the name given to this step of the scientific method?

Observation

If your hypothesis is "hair that is shaved grows back courser and darker ", what is your null hypothesis

There is no difference in the coarseness of color or hair that is shaved relative to hair that is not shaved

Which statement is the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis: "All birds can fly"?

Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any species cannot fly

The purpose of the experimentation phase of the scientific method is to:

Gather evidence to support or reject a hypothesis

If you could conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis, then:

the null hypothesis was better fit to your data

A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data

theory

Which of the following qualifies as a randomized, double-blind, controlled experimental study?

A total of 50 men and women of various ages are each given a candy bar with real sugar, 50 men and women of various ages are each given a candy bar with artificial sweetener, and 50 men and women or various ages are not given a candy bar. The people are then observed for signs of sleepiness. No one (the scientist, the observer, and the subjects) knows what type of candy bar was eaten, if any.

What type of evidence most increases our confidence in experimental results?

Three different scientists do three different studies, all with the same result

During an experiment to determine if people with more symmetrical body features have a lower incidence of disease, a researcher first measures the length of several bones in the subject's hands and arms. The device used to measure length does not display a readout of the measurement taken. Instead, a wire connects the measuring device to a computer that records the data. The computer monitor is kept out of sight of the subject and the researcher. Why is such an elaborate device used?

So that the measurements are not biased by the researcher

Which of the following is a way that visual displays of data can potentially mislead readers?

Use of ambiguity in labeling

From the graph shown here. The strongest statement we can reasonably make it:

A statistically significant positive correlation exists between having access to a textbook and scoring well on the exam

Which statement best explains the observation that more autism cases exists now than in the past?

Doctors are more aware of the condition and have better techniques for diagnosing and reporting it

Which is these studies has the least to do with legitimate scientific investigation?

A study to determine whether evolutionary biology should be taught in elementary parochial schools

Which os the following does not meet all the characteristics to be categorized as alive but it classified as alive by some biologists

Viruses

A researcher is studying the effects of an experimental drug designed to improve memory in Alzheimer's patients. This study is very important to the reacher because they have a parent suffering from Alzheimer's. All of the participants will receives the experimental treatment and are suffering from the different stages of Alzheimer's related memory loss. The research design calls for each participant to be surveyed once after the treatment using a qualitative questionnaire to assess memory improvement. What issues might arise with this experimental design?

Bias

A researcher is studying the effects of an experimental drug designed to improve memory in Alzheimer's patients. This study is very important to the reacher because they have a parent suffering from Alzheimer's. All of the participants will receives the experimental treatment and are suffering from the different stages of Alzheimer's related memory loss. The research design calls for each participant to be surveyed once after the treatment using a qualitative questionnaire to assess memory improvement. How might you adjust the design to improve reliability of the results?

use participants at the same stage of Alzheimer's

Which statement is a part of the modern cell theory?

Cellular reactions include both energy-releasing and biosynthetic types

Which statement about prokaryotic cells is true?

They have a circular loop of DNA instead of multiple linear DNA molecules

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from free-living bacteria that were incorporated into eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis. Which piece of evidence for this hypothesis is true?

Mitochondrial DNA is packaged as a single circular chromosome, similar to that of a bacterium

Which statement about phospholipids is true?

A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acids chains

Which structure is present in the cell membrane?

Transport proteins that form channels through the phospholipids bilayer

Which component is the most important in determine in the fluidity of the cell membranes?

cholesterol

The diagram shows the action of beta-blockers in reducing anxiety. In this diagram, the green figures represent ______, the Yellow figures represent _____, and the purple figures represents ______

adrenaline; beta-blocker chemicals; beta-receptors

The 'fingerprint" found on the outside of cells is the best underlying explanation for why:

it is difficult to transplant a liver from one person into another

Diffusion across the cell's outer membrane:

occurs without the input of energy

Osmosis is _____ specialized than diffusion because is involves _____

more; water

A cell's interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when:

the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell

Active transport, which is the moving of molecules from agres of low concentration to those of high concentration across the membrane, is usually coupled with processes that:

cost energy

Mammalian cells take in many molecules including hormones, antibodies, and blood proteins. This process is coordinated by proteins that recognize their specific target molecule is best described as:

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The cell connections represented here are

Desmosomes

The nucleus:

directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information

Two drugs called colchicine and cytochalasin, are known to disrupt the exoskeleton within a eukaryotic cell, such as an amoeba. Which cell function would be most affected by the addition of these drugs to an amoeba?

The ability of the amoeba to crawl and change shape

Cells that are metabolically active and use a lot of energy:

are densely packed with numerous mitochondria

What might you expect to find in a eukaryotic cell, such as a liver cell, that processes a lot of larger nutrients?

a large number of lysosomes

A scientist tries to build a eukaryotic cell in her laboratory. She remembers to include most of the organelles but forgets one. Among other abnormalities, her newly created cell cannot synthesize the enzymes needed to detoxify drugs and poisons. Which organelles is missing

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism

Given that a cell's structure reflects its function, what would you predict that the function of a cell with a large Golgi apparatus would be?

secretion of digestive enzymes

Cell walls:

are not completely solid, having many small pores

The functions of cell vacuoles include storing nutrients, physically supporting the surrounding cell, deterring predators from eating the cell, and managing waste. What additional service do vacuoles provide?

producing flashy pigments

which organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

A pharmaceutical company wants to develop a new broad spectrum antibiotic for use in dogs. What organelle could researchers target that might affect bacteria but not harm the dog's cellular function?

Mitochondria

Which of these is not considered to be a macro molecule?

vitamins

All of these statements describe ways in which lipids and carbohydrates differ except:

lipids contain significantly fewer carbon-hydrogen bonds than contained in carbohydrates

In terms of structural materials, ____ is to plants as ____ is to lobsters and crabs

cellulose; chitin

Why would you except the energy present in the bonds of glucose to be more readily available than the energy from the sugar lactose?

Glucose is a simple sugar, and no additional processing is necessary to access the energy in the carbon-hydrogen bonds

Dietary fiber is compose of:

carbohydrates

Which of the following is a lipid?

Steroids

The ingredient label on a container of shortening indicates “partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.” This means that during processing, the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was reduced. What is the result of decreasing the number of doubly bonds?

The oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature

which lipids is an important component of most cell membranes?

cholesterol

Which statement about amino acids is true?

They are monomers

Dietary proteins:

are considered “complete” only if they contain the eight essential amino acids required by humans

The secondary structure of a protein refers to the

twisting of the amino acid chain into a corkscrew-like shape or zigzagging folding pattern

An enzyme that can bind to and break apart molecules of lactose will:

only be able to bind lactose

What can happen if an enzyme is altered, even slightly?

Its active site may change, causing the enzyme to stop functioning

A partial sequence of a molecule is “AACTGCT” the molecule is a(n):

nucleic acid

The Russian-American biochemist Pheobus Levene was the first to determine that nucleotides may contain one of the four different nitrogen-containing bases. Levene beloved that the nitrogen-containing bases occurred in equal amounts in DNA. What is the actual proportion of these bases?

DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and guanine and equal amounts of thymine and cytosine

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA is replaced by a different base in RNA. Which base is it, and what is it replaced by?

thymine, replaced by uracil

People with diabetes are advised to avoid large spikes in blood glucose levels. Why might a person with diabetes by encouraged to chose foods high in complex carbohydrates rather than foods that are high in simple sugars?

Complex carbohydrates take longer to digest, slowing down sugar spikes

Suppose a food company wants to develop a version of their best-selling granola bar that is more filling without adding additional calories. What ingredient might they add and why?

Complex carbohydrates

The number of protons in an element, also called its ____, identifies the element

atomic number

What is missing from this cell of the periodic table?

the atomic symbol for nitrogen, N

How an atom bonds with other atoms is chiefly determined by its

electrons

Identify the statement below that correctly describes hydrogen bonds

an attraction between a slightly positive atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule

the O2 molecule pictured here shows two pairs of electrons shared between two oxygen atoms. This is an example of:

a strong and double bond

The tendency of molecules to stick together, called cohesion, is stronger in water than other liquids because the polarity of water allows a(n):

hydrogen atom from one water molecule to form a hydrogen bone with the oxygen atom of another water molecule

Hydrogen bonding among water molecule gives water all the following important properties, except:

a transparent color

Which phenomenon is most likely due to the high specific heat capacity of water?

The temperature of the Santa Monica Bay off the coast of Los Angeles, fluctuates less than the air temperature throughout the year

Pure water and aqueous solutions that are neither acidic nor basic are said to be:

neutral

A carbonated soft drink that has a pH of 3 is _____ times more acidic than water

10,000

Acidic food and drinks can cause tooth enamel to wear away. Suppose your friend has returned from the dentist where they have been advised that they should reduce consumption of acidic beverages. Your friend think that isn’t much difference between a diet root beer with a pH of 4 and a diet cola with a pH of 3 and asks if it matters which beverage they choose. What might you advise your friend in this situation?

Drink the diet cola so your teeth don’t continue to rot

Suppose you are struggling with gastroesophageal re flux disease. It is caused by chronic acid reflux and is often controllable through dietary changes. Why might your doctor recommend that you reduce your consumption of pineapple and eat more melon. the pH of pineapple is 3.8. the pH of melon is 9.0

You need to raise you pH levels