crime prevention, control and victimology

who thought of situational crime prevention, what is it

Ron Clarke, right realist who argued that placing methods to reduce the opportunity of crime would prevent it as criminals have rational choice

provide examples of situational crime prevention

anti homeless architecture, mosquito alarms, relighting the streets

evaluate situational crime prevention

can rather displace crime than reduce it, ignores white collar and corporate crime, prevents some activities that aren’t criminal, can increase the thrill (Lyng), ignores roots of crime

who thought of environmental crime prevention and what is it

wilson and kelling, argues the broken windows thesis where if areas look criminal they are encouraging crime, sends message that there is an absence of control

what are some examples of the broken windows thesis

dog fouling, grafitti, littering, drug misuse, broken windows

what are the two ways environmental crime prevention states crime can be reduced

repairing the environment and zero tolerance policing

evaluate environmental crime prevention

usually more emphasis on zero tolerance policing which reduces the clearing of areas, minimal evidence, may be better off investing in local opportunities, not enough resources for zero tolerance policing

what is social and community crime prevention and who supports it the most

left realist, dealing with the social conditions and risk factors associated with crime

explain social and community crime prevention with examples

long term benefits with focus on underlying roots of crime, welfare benefits, increased opportunity, focus on poverty and attainment, e.g Troubled Families for parenting support

evaluate social and community crime prevention

take for granted the definition of crime some people in worse off positions may not become a criminal, doesn’t consider structural inequalities such as white collar crime, focus on low level crime not environmental crime

what are the three types of crime prevention strategies

situational crime prevention, environmental crime prevention, social and community crime prevention

what do left realists say about crime prevention

tackle cultural and material deprivation that leads to social causes, criminals are more likely to be in disadvantaged communities, lack of police confidence due to military policing

what strategies do left realists argue will reduce crime

communal cohesion, multi agency work with health society etc, democratic policing, parental support, tackling social deprivation

criticisms of left realism on crime prevention

expensive and doesn’t always work maybe money could be spent better elsewhere, not all deprived will be criminal, ignores white collar and corporate crime, neighbourhood watch and work with communities could extend surveillance and marginalise those more

what do right realists say about crime

individuals make a rational choice to commit crime, they should reduce opportunity and make the opportunity cost larger

who thought of the rational choice theory

cornish and clarke

what solutions did right realists put forward to reduce crime

situational crime prevention, hostile architecture, tighter family and community control, zero tolerance policing, parental responsibilities, heavier policing and harsher sentencing

what did feminists say about crime prevention

must be more prevention of domestic and sexual violence, fear and partriachy within society impact women

what solutions do feminists put through for a reduction in crime

making domestic violence more visible, highlight the patriarchy and male dominance in society that results in violence, reduce the cjs being male dominated, giving police specialist training for rape trials, welfare

what do postmodernists say about crime prevention

it should be privatised as we live in an ever changing society that is fragmented, the current CJS focuses on society as a whole but that is outdated, punishment should be tailored to the individual

evaluate postmodernist views on crime prevention

good because it is contemporary but only benefits the middle and upper class as privatisation increases inequality, no attention is provided to the working class being victims

what is the UN definition of a victim

someone who suffers mental, physical or psychological harm, economic loss or impairment of their rights through acts that violate the state

what is the issue with defining a victim

there are different definitions of both a victim and laws of the state which leads to conflicting arguments about who is a victim and who is not, offenders can be victims??

victimology

studies the impact of crime on victims, their interests and patterns of victimisation. victims are consumers of the cjs!!

what is the media definition of a victim

innocent white middle class women

what is the traditional definition of a victim

weak innocent blameless vulnerable individual

what is the statistically correct definition of a victim

19-28 year old ethnic minority male

what are the issues with becoming a victim

you are only a victim is successfully labelled as such, some crimes are unreported or dismissed so one will not achieve victim status, people can refuse or deny labels

why are there underreporting in the cjs

there is a lack of confidence, the relationship with the offender may be more important, there may be harsher repercussions upon reporting, some crimes are considered small and pointless

class in relation to victims

middle class fear crime most, working class are victims most, ruling class more likely to report a crime and have it investigated successfully

age in relation to victims

infants most likely to be murdered, teens most likely to be victims of sex crime and theft, elderly most likely to be victims of abuse, risk of victimisation decreases with age

gender in relation to victims

women more at risk of sex crimes violence and trafficking (control theory), men more likely to be offenders of crime

ethnicity in realisation to victims

mixed ethnic groups most likely to be a victim, 300 hate crimes a day

sexuality in relation to victims

8% of hate crimes are linked to sexual orientation, male homophobia is highest hate crime, homophobic crimes are generally harassment charges, transphobia crimes are generally assault, perpetrators of sexuality related crimes are generally white males 39-55y

what did walklate say about victimisation

often results in secondary victimisation in the courtroom as people have to relive the crimes committed against them, lots of victim blaming in sexual assault cases

CSEW

crime survey for england and wales, can uncover the dark figure of crime

dark figure of crime

actual figure of crime is larger than the statistics state due to underreporting

what proof is there for the CJS being victim centered

more services for victims, success of CJS is based on the outcome on the victim, victim accounts have more priority than police reports

what are some criticisms of the CJS being victim centered

not all victims are treated the same, the definition of a victim varies, some victims are denied their label

what are the effects of victimisation

physical e.g stress and anxiety, indirect victims e.g friends and family, hate crimes, police racism, secondary victimisation, fear of victimisation

what is positivist victimology

theory that aims to identify the patterns of victimology and the self-contributing factors

what study contributes to the positivist victimology

wolfgang study showing that 26% of homicides are inflicted by the victim

what is the issue with positivist victimology

can be seen as victim blaming, brings up additional trauma, selfish view

critical victimology

theory that focuses on the conflict issues e.g wider social and structural issues

what are the two principles to do with victimisation that critical victimologists focus on

structural factors, power of the state to apply victim status

what do critical victimologists suggest are the biggest factors in victimisation

social deprivation, social inequalities, lack of protection for groups

who applies the label in the eyes of critical victimologists

the state

inverse victimisation law

those that are the poorest and worst off in society are most likely to be a victim, usually argued by critical victimologists

what is an ao2 example that illustrates critical victimology

grenfell tower fire where poorer groups were killed because they had to live in such housing

what do critical victimologists put forward to be studied rather than crime

the study of harm, zemiology as it removes the possibility of varied definitions

evaluate critical victimology

doesn’t put forward any solutions, disregards self contributing factors