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memory
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
encoding
process of putting things into memory
storage
where the memory is created, the actual memory
retrieval
getting things out of your memory
sensory memory
brief memory for sensory experiences
senses momentarily register detail
seeing 1000 people, but not many of the 1000 people will progress to short term memory
short term memory
7 ish seconds long
few items are both noticed and encoded
long term memory
anything longer than 7 seconds
some items are altered or lost
any true memory you have
automatic processing
not on purpose
vast majority of things in memory
memory for autobiographical experiences
e.g: birthdays, holidays, etc.
effortful processing
purposefully putting things into your memory (e.g: studying)
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Hermann Ebbinghaus
found that the more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on day 1, the fewer repetitions he required to relearn it on day 2
the more time we spend on learning novel info, the more we retain it
spacing effect
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
visual encoding
what smth looks like
image of a person
acoustic encoding
what smth sounds like
sound of a person’s voice
semantic encoding
meaning of what the person is saying
ideal way
putting info into memory based on meaning (connections, relatability, US history is easier bc we have some context)
self reference effect
being able to recall info that relates to ourselves more than info that relates to others
mneumonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photograph or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
the magic number seven, plus or minus 2
there are limits on how many new items we can introduce at any one time to our short term memory and that the limiting number is “7, + or - 2”
long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
amnesia
memory loss
Implicit (procedural) memory
the ‘doing’- demonstrating explicit memory
e.g:riding a bike, you don’t need any conscious knowledge, it just comes naturally after learning it once
explicit (declarative) memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
hippocampus
neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
cerebellum
little brain— voluntary movement and balance
brain stem is a part of the cerebellum, so if you cut the cerebellum then connection is lost
amygdala
limbic system, linked to aggression and fear
amygdala damage— don’t learn fear conditioning
recall
measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
relearning
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
retrieval cues
provide reminder of info we otherwise couldn’t recall
e.g: photographs provide you with the cue of classmates names
priming, context effects, deja vu, mood congruent memory
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
e.g: you show someone the color yellow and they think of lemons more quickly than some other random thing
context effects
you remember things better when you are in the location the memories occured in
deja vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w/one’s current good or bad mood
Daniel Schachter
came up w/seven ways our memories fail us
seven sins of memory!
absent mindedness (7 sins)
inattention to details produces encoding failure
e.g: our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys
Transcience (7 sins)
storage decay over time (unused info fades)
Blocking (7 sins)
inaccessibility of stored info
e.g: “tip of tongue”
Misattribution (7 sins)
confusing the source of info
e.g: remembering a movie scene as an actual happening
suggestibility
lingering effects of misinformation
e.g: earthquakes are candy, so you’ll always associate gummies w/EQ’s
bias
belief- colored recollections (someone’s current feelings toward their fiance may color their recalled initial feelings)
persistence
unwanted memories
e.g: being haunted by images of a SA
encoding failure
brain cannot create a memory link
insufficient encoding of the info for storage in long term memory
storage decay
affects short memory and sensory memory
info stored in brain gradually fades away
retrieval failure
info is in long term memory but can’t be accessed
this is b/c retrieval cues are not present
proactive interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
retroactive interference
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Elizabeth Loftus
showed how eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned
e.g: how fast were the cars going when they were SMASHED vs. HIT each other
Misinformation effect
after exposure to subtle’s misinfo, many ppl misremember things
source amnesia
heart of many false memories
attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard abt, read abt, or imagined
episodic memory
recollection of specific events, usually one’s personal experiences
retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall memories from before the onset of the amnesia
no old memories
anterograde amnesia
can’t form new memories
recency effect
the concept that a person has an enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words