APUSH UNITS 4-5 - Z. Balanon

Burr/Hamilton Feud

A bitter personal and political rivalry between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, culminating in their infamous duel in 1804, resulting in Hamilton’s death

Midnight judges

Federal judges appointed by John Adams during his last night in Office

Marbudy V. Madison (1803)

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review

Judicial review

Power of the courts to review and potentially invalidate government actions that they seem unconstitutional

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835), instrumental in shaping American constitutional law through decisions that strengthened federal power

Fletcher V. Peck

Supreme Court case affirming the sanctity of contracts and establishing the principle that state laws can be invalidated if they violate U.S Constitution

Dartmouth College V. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case protecting private contracts from state interference and upholding the sanctity of corporate charters

McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)

Landmark Supreme Court Case affirming the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and establishing the supreme of federal law over state law.

Gibbons V. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case clarifying the federal Government’s exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce

Right of deposit

Access rights to use certain ports for trade

Lusiana purchase

Acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803

Lewis and Clark

Expedition (1804-1806) led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the newly acquired western territories.

Barbary Piratres

North American pirates who demanded tribute from American ships in the Mediterranean, leading to the First Barbary War.

Impressments

British practice of forcefully recruiting American sailors into the Royal Navy of the British

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

1807 naval confrontation highlighting impressment tensions, contributing to the strained U.S and British relations

Embargo act of 1807

U.S Law prohibiting trade with foreign nations

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Lifted the embargo but continued trade restrictions with Britain and France

Macon’s Bill #2

Reopened trade but reimposed of non-intercourse with Britain or France if either ceased violating neutral rights.

Election of 1808

James Madison’s election as the fourth President of the United States, succeeding Thomas Jefferson.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native American tribes against U,S expansion

The Prophet

Techumseh’s brother and religious leader

William Henry Harrison

Governor and military leader, defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

Warhawks

U.S Politicians advocating for war with Britain

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S and Britain, marked by territorial disputes and maritime issues

U.S.S. Constitution

U.S Navy frigate famous for its victories in the War of 1812

Fort McHenry

U.S fort successfully defended during the Battle of Baltimore in 1814

Francis scott Key

Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” During the Battle of Baltimore

Treaty of Ghent “Restoration of Status Quo”

1814 treaty ending the War of 1812, essentially restoring pre-war conditions and resolving none of the issues that led to the conflict

Hartford Convention and New England

A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814-1815 to discuss their grievances during the War of 1812, contributing to the decline of the Federalist Party.

Andrew Jackson

U.S military leader and seventh President

Battle of New Orleans

Final battle of the War of 1812, ocurring after the Treaty of Ghent was signed

Election of 1816

James Monroe’s election as the fifth President of the United States

Seminole indians

Native American tribe in the southeastern U.S who were involved in conflicts with the U.S during the early 19th century.

Adam-Onis Treaty

1819 agreement where Spain ceded Florida to the U.S in exchange for settling border disputes

Monroe Doctrine:

1823 U.S policy stating that European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the independent nations of the Americas, and the U.S would not interfere in European affairs.

Tarrff of 1816

Protective tariff supporting American industries against foreign competition.

Abolitionists:

Advocates for slavery abolition.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement balancing slave and free states. Using 36’30 parallel for future territories.

Erie Canal

1825 waterway linking Great Lakes to Hudson River

Robert Fulton

Steamboat innovator

Clermont

Fulton’s successful steam-powered vessel

Samuel Slater

Father of the American industrial Revolution, copied British textile machinery

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts advocate.

Lowell’s Girls

Female factory workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the 19th century textile industry

American System

Economic plan with a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements

Henry Clay

Senator supporting the American System and the Missouri Compromise.

Election of 1824

Controversial presidential election with no majoirty, resolved through a political deal

The Deal/Favorite Son Election

Agreement leading to John Quincy Adams becoming ppresident in 1824

Republicans/Democrats

Political factions that evolved in to the modern Democratic and republican parties

Rachel Donnellson Robards jackson

Wife of andrew Jackson, who faced controversy and criticism due to the circumstances of their marrige

“To the Victor Goes to the Spoils”

Principle of rewarding political supporters with government positions

Spoils/Rotation System

Practice of appointing loyalists to public offices

Tariff of 1828

Controversial tariff raising duties on importing goods

South Carolina Exposition & Protests of 1828

State opposition to the tariff, asserting the right to nullify federal laws

doctrine of nullification

Belief that states can reject federal laws

Webster-Hayne Debates 1830

Senate debate over states’ rights and nullification

“The Toast” by Jackson

toast by Andrew Jackson, “Our Federal Union, it must be preserved!”

Indian Relocation Act of 1830:

Legislation leading to the forced removal of native American tribes to the West.

Oklahoma Territory

Area designated for Native American resettlement

Fived Civilized Trives

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chooctaw, Creek, and Seminole

Worcester V. Georgian (1832):

Supreme Court case supporting Native American sovereignty

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, resulting in many deaths

Martin Van Buren

Eighth president of the Unteid States (1837-1831), successor to Andrew Jackson

Kitchen Cabinet

Informal group of advisers to president Jackson, contrasted with the official Cabinet

Margret “Peggy” O’Neale Timberlake and the Petticoat Affair

Social and political controversies surrounding Jackson’s Secretary of War’s wife, Peggy Eaton.

“King Veto”

Name for Andrew Jackson due to his aggressive use of the presidential Veto

Election of 1832

Presidential election resulting in Jackson’s re-election

2nd Bank of the U.S

Federal institution for regulating currency, opposed by Jackson

Nicholas Biddle:

President of the Bank during the Biddle Battle

Biddle Battle/bank Veto:

Jackson’s conflict with the bank and his veto of its recharter

Pet Banks

State banks receiving federal deposits after Jackson withdrew them from the national bank.

Whig Party

Political party opposing Jackson and his Policies

Specie Circular

Jackson’s executive order requiring payment of government land in gold or silver

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren’s presidential victory

Panic of 1837

Economic depression during Van Buren’s presidency

Independent Treasury Act/Sub-Treasuries

Van Buren’s system to manage government funds independently

Election of 1840/”Tippecanoe and Tyler Too?”

William Henry Harrison’s presidential victory, with “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” as a slogan

Stephen Austin

Led American Colonization in Texas

Santa Anna

Mexican General during the Texas Revolution

Alamo

Site of a famous Texas battle during the Texas Revolution

“Remembering the Alamo”

Slogan symbolizing Texas Resistance

Famous Deaths (Texas Revolution)

Including Davy Crockett and Jum Bowie at the Alamo

Battle of San Jacinto River

Decisive Texan victory in 1836, securing Texas independence

Republic of Texas

Independent nation before joining the U.S

The Annexation of Texas

Becoming a U.S State in 1845

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison’s election as President

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Treaty resolving U.S-Canadian border disputes

Election of 1844

James K. Polk victory in election

James K. Polk

President committed to territorial expansion

“54 40 or fight!”

Slogan for U.S expansionist goals

49th Parallel

U.S-Canadian border, established by the Oregon Treaty

Mexican-American War 1846-1848/”Shed American Blood on Americal Soil!”

Conflict over disputing territory, including the slogan emphasizing U.S Outrage

General Zachary Taylor (Old Rough and Ready)

Military leader in the Mexican-American War, later the 12th President

John C. Fremont and the Bear Flag Republic

Californian Rebellion against Mexican Rule

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American War, ceding territories

Mexican cession

Land acquiring by the U.S from Mexico

Wilmont Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in newly acquired territories

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor’s election as President

Popular Sovereignty

Idea that residents decide on slavery in their territory

Free Soil Party

Opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories