Studied by 2 people
Performance evaluation
________ can be problematic because many shortcuts and subjectiveness is used.
Risk aversion
________: tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
Reward systems
________ influences decision makers by suggesting to them what choices are preferable in terms of personal payoff.
Hindsight bias
________: tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted the outcome.
Whistle blowers
________: individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders.
Justice criterion
________: impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so that there is an equitable distribution of benefits and costs.
rationality
Bounded ________: process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
Behavioral ethics
________: analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas.
Halo
________ effect: tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Randomness
________ error: tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of ________ events.
Self fulfilling
________ prophecy: situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.
Decisions
________: choices from among to or more alternatives.
relevant stakeholders
Creative outcomes (innovation): ideas or solutions judged to be novel and useful by ________.
Performance evaluation ā managers
________ are strongly influenced in their decision making by the criteria on which they are evaluated.
Attribution theory
________: attempt to determine whether an individuals behavior is internally or externally caused.
Idea generation
________: process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge.
Information gathering
________: state when possible solutions to a problem incubate in individuals mind.
Perception
________: process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Selective perception
________: tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience and attitudes.
current state of affairs
Problem: discrepancy between the ________ and some desired state.
individual differences
Influences on decision making: ________ and organizational constraints.
Fundamental attribution theory
________: tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others.
Cultural differences ā cultural background
________ can definitely influence the way a decision is being made like in the selection of problems, depth of the analysis, etc.
Contrast effects
________: evaluation of a persons characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Employment interview ā perceptual judgements
________ are made that are often inaccurate.
Creativity
________: ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
Problem formulation
________: state of creative behavior which involved identifying problem or opportunity that requires a solution that is as yet unknown.
Availability bias
________: tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them.
Intuitive decision making
________: unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
Overconfidence bias
________: overconfident about our abilities and the abilities of others, usually unaware of it.
Rights criterion
________: individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges, respecting and protecting basic rights of every individual.
Perception
Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Attribution theory
Attempt to determine whether an individualās behavior is internally or externally caused
Fundamental attribution theory
Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others
Self-serving bias
Tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
Selective perception
Tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience and attitudes
Halo effect
Tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Contrast effects
Evaluation of a personās characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of oneās perception of the group to which that person belongs
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception
Decisions
Choices from among to or more alternatives
Problem
Discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state
Rational
Characterized by making consistent, value maximizing choices within specified constraints
Rational decision making model
Decision making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome
Bounded rationality
Process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
Intuitive decision making
Unconscious process created out of distilled experience
Overconfidence bias
Overconfident about our abilities and the abilities of others, usually unaware of it
Anchoring bias
Tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information
Confirmation bias
Tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgements
Availability bias
Tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them
Escalation of commitment
Increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information
Randomness error
Tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events
Risk aversion
Tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff
Hindsight bias
Tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted the outcome
3 ethical decision criteria
Utilitarian criterion, rights criterion and justice criterion
Whistle-blowers
Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders
Behavioral ethics
Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas
Creativity
Ability to produce novel and useful ideas
Three-stage model of creativity
Proposition that involves three stages: causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behavior and creative outcomes (innovation)
Problem formulation
State of creative behavior which involved identifying problem or opportunity that requires a solution that is as yet unknown
Information gathering
State when possible solutions to a problem incubate in individuals mind
Idea generation
Process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge
Idea evaluation
Process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to problems to identify the best one
Creative potential
Intelligence is related to creative behavior, expertise is the foundation of all creative work
Creative environment
Potential is not enough, you need to be in an environment where creative potential can be realized
Creative outcomes (innovation)
Ideas or solutions judged to be novel and useful by relevant stakeholders
Note 
Flashcard (77)