The Industrial revolution and the conservatism movement in the 19th century AP euro

Great Exhibition of 1851

A major international exhibition held in London’s Crystal Palace, showcasing technological innovation and British industrial power.

Water frame

Richart Arkwright’s water powered machine for spinning cotton thread, enabling the shift to factory production.

Zollverein

A German customs union in 1834 that removes trade barriers between member states, providing economic unity

Separate spheres

The 19th century idea dividing men’s role into the public/work world and women’s role into private/domestic realm.

Factory Act of 1833

British law that set a minimum working age, limited children’s work hours, and appointed inspectors for enforcement.

Mines Act of 1842

British law prohibiting the employment of women and boys under 10 in underground mines.

Proletariat

the industrial working class who sell their labor for wages and own no means of production.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist middle class who own the means of production, like factories, machinery, and capital.

Chartism

A British working class movement demanding political reforms, centered on the 6 points of the People’s Charter. 

Luddites

English textile workers who destroyed machinery they believed threatened their jobs and livelihoods.

Class-consciousness

Awareness of one’s shared social class and common interests in opposition to other classes.

Edmund Burke

Irish born British statesman and political philosopher, a founder of modern conservatism; criticized the french revolution.

Congress of Vienna

A conference of European powers to reorganize Europe and restore stability after Napoleon's defeat.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and leading conservative architect of the post-napoleonic european order.

Concert of Europe

A system of regular and diplomatic meetings among major powers after 1815 aimed at maintaining the balance of power and suppressing revolutions.

Karlsbad Decrees

Repressive laws in the German confederation that censored the press, suppressed liberal nationalism, and monitored universities.

John Stuart Mill

influential philosopher and liberal thinker, advocate for utilitarianism, individual liberty, and women’s rights.

Robert Owen

welsh industrialist and early socialist reformer who improved factory conditions and founded utopian socialism.

Karl Marx

German philosopher and revolutionary socialist, co-author of the communist manifesto and founder of marxism.

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher and collaborator of Karl Marx; co-authored foundational socialist works and supported Marx's research

Mikhail Bakunin

Russian revolutionary and a leading theorist of anarchism, advocating for the abolition of the state and collective ownership.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist, revolutionary, and key figure in the Risorgimento; founded. Young Italy to promote a unified, republican Italy.