CTI-120-01BL Network & Sec Foundations Chapter 10

Chapter 10

analog signal

A signal represented by a sine wave that varies continuously and smoothly over time.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

A cell-based, packet-switching technology designed for both LAN and WAN use; ___ uses connection-oriented switches to allow senders and receivers to communicate over a network.

channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU)

A device that creates a digital connection between a LAN device, such as a router, and the WAN link from the service provider.

circuit-switched WAN

A type of WAN connection in which a temporary dedicated connection is established between a sender and receiver on demand.

cloud computing

A networking model in which data, applications, and processing power are managed by servers on the Internet, and users of these resources pay for what they use rather than the equipment and software needed to provide resources.

Committed Information Rate (CIR)

A guaranteed minimum transmission rate offered by the service provider.

cross platform

An application that can run in more than one operating environment such as Windows, Linux, and macOS; a _____ app may also be able to run on different hardware platforms such as Intel and ARM CPUs.

customer premises equipment (CPE)

The equipment at the customer site that’s usually the responsibility of the customer.

data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)

The device that sends data to (and receives data from) the last mile; a ___ is usually a CSU/DSU or modem.

data terminal equipment (DTE)

The device that passes data from the customer LAN to the DCE; a ___ is usually a router.

demarcation point

The location in the cable plant where a connection to a WAN is made; it’s where an organization’s LAN equipment ends and a third-party provider’s equipment and cabling begins. Sometimes also referred to as “demarc.”

digital signal

Represented as a square wave, a signal that uses binary 1s and 0s to represent two possible states.

Ethernet over software-defined WAN (SD-WAN)

A WAN technology that uses software to control and manage traffic patterns, much like a router might, but at the Data link layer.

fractionalized

The term used to describe a T-carrier line in which portions are dedicated for different purposes.

Frame Relay

A PVC packet-switching technology that offers WAN communication over a fast, reliable, digital link. Throughput is usually improved because error checking is done on endpoint devices instead of on the digital link.

hybrid cloud infrastructure

A combination of private and public cloud where the public cloud provider augments on-premises resources or provides fault tolerance for the on-premises datacenter in the event of a catastrophe.

infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

A category of cloud computing in which a company can use a provider’s storage or virtual servers as its needs demand; __ is also called “hosted infrastructure.”

local loop

The connection between a WAN’s demarcation point and the central office (CO); it’s also called the “last mile.”

modem

A device that converts a sending computer’s digital signals to analog signals for transmission over phone lines and then converts analog signals to digital signals for the receiving computer.

multiplexing

A technology that supports simultaneous communication links over the same set of cables so data transmissions from several sources can be combined and delivered over a single cable.

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

A highly scalable, flexible WAN technology that works with any Network-layer protocol and is independent of the Data Link-layer technology; ___ is used exclusively in IP networks. It creates a connection-oriented virtual circuit using labels assigned to each packet that make it unnecessary to view packet contents.

optical carrier (OC)

A fiber-optic specification that designates the data rate of a network. OC-1 is the base OC level with a data rate of 51.84 Mbps, OC-3 is three times the speed of OC-1 at 155.52 Mbps. OC levels currently go up to OC-768.

packet-switched WAN

A type of WAN in which data is transmitted in frames or packets, and each packet is transmitted through the provider’s network independently. Instead of having a dedicated circuit over which data travels, a provider’s customers share the bandwidth.

permanent virtual circuits (PVCs)

Pathways between two communication points that are established as permanent logical connections; therefore, the pathway exists even when it’s not in use.

platform as a service (PaaS)

A category of cloud computing in which a customer develops applications with the service provider’s development tools and infrastructure; ___ is also called “hosted platform.” After applications are developed, they can be delivered to the customer’s users from the provider’s servers.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

A remote access protocol that supports many other protocols and is used to carry data over a variety of network connections.

private cloud

Cloud services that a company delivers to its own employees.

public data networks (PDNs)

A data communication network operated by a telecommunication company that provides fee-based services to the general public.

public cloud

Cloud services delivered by a third-party provider.

smart jack

A type of connector for terminating a T1 line that provides diagnostic testing for troubleshooting the connection.

software as a service (SaaS)

A category of cloud computing in which a customer pays for the use of applications that run on a service provider’s network; ___ is also called “hosted applications.

switched virtual circuits (SVCs)

A communication circuit that’s established when needed and then terminated when the transmission is completed.

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

A flexible, highly fault-tolerant technology that can carry signals of different capacities over a fiber-optic network at high speeds. It defines optical carrier (OC) levels for incrementally increasing data rates, and ____ networks can be arranged in a variety of physical topologies.

T-carrier lines

Communication lines that use one pair of wires for transmitting data and another pair for receiving data. They use the TDM signaling method, making it possible to extract any number of channels for a particular purpose.

time division multiplexing (TDM)

A signaling method that allocates a time slot for each channel, making it possible to transmit multiple streams, or channels, of data on a single physical medium.

virtual circuit

A logical connection created between two devices in a shared network with bandwidth allocated for a specific transmission pathway through the network.

virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI)

A technology that provides users with remote access to the desktop environment of an operating system running on a virtual machine.

X.25

A packet-switching technology that provides an interface between public packet-switching networks and their customers; it has the advantage of running effectively over older copper phone lines. ___ networks are SVC networks, meaning they create the best available pathway at the time of transmission.