Studied by 2 people
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DNA also stands for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does Dna coil around to make a chromosome?
Histones
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
5-carbon sugar ,phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
What are some examaple Nitrogenus Bases?
adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine)
Which two bonds are required to form Dna?
Phosphodiester bonds , Hydrogen bonds
What are Purines
Adenine and Guanine which consit of two rings with amine groups
Pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosinem consist of one ring with amine groups. Thymine is a pyrimidine that is only found in DNA, while Uracil is only found in RNA
Chargaffs rule
A w/ T, G w/ C, A w/ U
1869, Swiss chemist identified nuclein in white blood cells?
Friedrich Miescher
Stole roslands franklins work, gave it to watson and kirk?
Maurice Wilkins
Stick and ball method
Watson and Kirk
supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative meaning, one strand of DNA will be used to make another strand?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
What needs to happen before a cell can divide?
Each DNA molecule needs to be copied
What connects Dna strands and which way do they go?
Carbon and anitparrael from each other
What forms at the site of orgin?
Replication bubbles
what relieve stress as the DNA molecule begins to straighten
Topoisomerase
Helicase
further unwind and straighten DNA completely separates then breaks the hydrogen bonds, separating the two strands of DNA
What do Single-stranded-binded proteins
keep the 2 DNA strands separated and prevent them reannealing or coming back together
Primase
enzyme that adds the RNA Primers so that DNA polymerase III will know where to add nucleotides
What is DNA POLY 1”S JOB
remove the RNA primers set forth by primase, and add in the correct DNA nucleotides.
Okazaki Fragments
short segments or primer and nucleotides
Ligase
replaces all phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds
Dna fingerprinting requiers
–DNA sample -PCR –Gel-electrophoresis
What are the uses of DNA fingerprinting
Criminal cases, Determine paternity, Determine family relationships, Determine relationships of fossils, Studying biodiversity
How to fingerprint Dna?
Collect cells, saliva or blood
what does PCR do?
making many copies of DNA in lab for testing or examination.
What causes mutations?
Environmental agents, or happens spontaneously?
What is something enviromental that causes a change in Dna?
Mutagen: Fumes
Mutation that leads to cancer?
Carcinogens: Radiation, nail products
Types of mutations?
Subustion, deletion, insertion
What is a misense mutation?
Codes for wrong codon
Nonsense mutation?
Unfinished
A example of a damage recognizer?
DNA Poly III, or Photolyase
What replaces bonds?
Ligase
Types of mutation causes?
Spontaneous, UV light, Dna replication
Rna polly 2 will make what from the orginal strand of dna?
Strand of RNA
RNA POLLY 2 attaches and begins transcription?
Promoter region
Exons
Coded sequences WE NEED TO KEEP
Introns
noncoding sequences WE DONT NEED
What removes introns?
Splicesome
Post-transcriptional-modifacation
Guanine and 3 phosphates will be added to the beginning of the mRNA , A poly-A tail is added to the end. After this it leaves for the cytoplasm
RibosomeRNA
codes for how to make ribosomes
transferRNA
Helps translate by adding amino acids
How many subunits are in a ribosome?
30 small, 50 large
Every 3 nucleotides is called….?
A codon and in tRNA a anticodon
Translation?
The right amino acid will get brought in,
Somatic Cells?
Body cells like liver, skin, eyes, contains 46 chromosomes
Homolog?
chromosome pair identical to each other
Diploid
Number of chromosomes you start with
There are two phases the first 95% of the time is spent in, the other 5%?
INTERPHASE, Mitosis
What happens in the G1 stage:
The cell grows twice its size, duplicates its inside structures
If the cell doesn’t grow twice its size what does the g1 checkpoint do?
Sends it to G(o) where the cell will grow twice its size or dies
What stage does chromatin replicate?
Synthesis
Mitosis has how many phases
4
Prophase
Nuclear/Nucleus disappear, chromatin wrap around histones to become chromatids
What do chromatids pair up into during prophase?
Sister chromatids, and centrioles move to opposite sides and produce spindle fibers
Metaphase?
Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids via kinetochores, they are then pushed into the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell non kinetochore spindle fibers that did not attach to chromatids have moved past each other and push on the poles of the cell
Telophase
Nuclei reform, Chromatids convert back into chromatin. Clevage furrow pinches a middle
Cytokensis
Cytoplasm divides, creating 2 new, identical daughter cells Each human somatic cell should contain 46 chromatin
DNA stands for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does DNA coil around to make a chromosome?
Histones
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
5-carbon sugar ,phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
What are some examples of nitrogenous bases?
adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine)
Which two bonds are required to form DNA?
Phosphodiester bonds , Hydrogen bonds
What are Purines
Adenine and Guanine which consit of two rings with amine groups
Pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosinem consist of one ring with amine groups. Thymine is a pyrimidine that is only found in DNA, while Uracil is only found in RNA
Chargaffs rule
A w/ T, G w/ C, A w/ U
1869, Swiss chemist identified nuclein in white blood cells?
Friedrich Miescher
Stole roslands franklins work, gave it to watson and kirk?
Maurice Wilkins
Stick and ball method
Watson and Kirk
supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative meaning, one strand of DNA will be used to make another strand?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
What needs to happen before a cell can divide?
Each DNA molecule needs to be copied
What connects DNA strands and which way do they go?
Carbon and anitparrael from each other
what cells are involved in meiosis
gamete cells
how many daughter cells are made in meiosis
4 genetically different cells
how many cells do you get per parent
23 cells
oocytes
premature cells females are born with
spermatocytes
premature cells males are born with
homologous chromosomes
Paired chromatin that are identical
diploid cells
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
haploid cells
half the number of chromatin than what was in the original cell
genes
sections of DNA that code for a trait
crossing over
exchange of genes during sexual reproduction between two homologous non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes
Prophase 1
centrioles release spindle fibers, nucleus disappears, chromatin turns into chromatid, pairs up with another sister chromatid=tetrad
synapsis/ crossing over
chromatid from each pair will link parts of their “arms” in order to exchange sequences of nucleotides or genes
synapsis
point where “arms bond”
Prophase I
Centrioles begin to release spindle fibers and move to opposite poles. The nucleus disappears. Chromatin condense into chromatids
Metaphase 1
tetrad lined up and formed, spindle fibers reach out and attach to the kinetochores of the tetrads
Prophase I picture
Metaphase 1 picture
Anaphase I picture
Telophase I picture
Cytokinesis I picture
Prophase II picture
Metaphase II picture
Anaphase II picture
Telophase II picture
Cytokinesis II picture
Anaphase I, Telophase I & Cytokinesis I
Spindle fibers will shorten, sister chromatids not identical anymore (pulled to opposite sides)
