full biology exam review

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DNA also stands for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does Dna coil around to make a chromosome?

Histones

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

5-carbon sugar ,phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

What are some examaple Nitrogenus Bases?

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine)

Which two bonds are required to form Dna?

Phosphodiester bonds , Hydrogen bonds

What are Purines

Adenine and Guanine which consit of two rings with amine groups

Pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosinem consist of one ring with amine groups. Thymine is a pyrimidine that is only found in DNA, while Uracil is only found in RNA

Chargaffs rule

A w/ T, G w/ C, A w/ U

1869, Swiss chemist identified nuclein in white blood cells?

Friedrich Miescher

Stole roslands franklins work, gave it to watson and kirk?

Maurice Wilkins

Stick and ball method

Watson and Kirk

supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative meaning, one strand of DNA will be used to make another strand?

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

What needs to happen before a cell can divide?

Each DNA molecule needs to be copied

What connects Dna strands and which way do they go?

Carbon and anitparrael from each other

What forms at the site of orgin?

Replication bubbles

what relieve stress as the DNA molecule begins to straighten

Topoisomerase

Helicase

further unwind and straighten DNA completely separates then breaks the hydrogen bonds, separating the two strands of DNA

What do Single-stranded-binded proteins

keep the 2 DNA strands separated and prevent them reannealing or coming back together

Primase

enzyme that adds the RNA Primers so that DNA polymerase III will know   where to add nucleotides

What is DNA POLY 1”S JOB

remove the RNA primers set forth by primase, and add in the correct DNA nucleotides.

Okazaki Fragments

short segments or primer and nucleotides

Ligase

replaces all phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds

Dna fingerprinting requiers

–DNA sample -PCR –Gel-electrophoresis

What are the uses of DNA fingerprinting

Criminal cases, Determine paternity, Determine family relationships, Determine relationships of fossils, Studying biodiversity

How to fingerprint Dna?

Collect cells, saliva or blood

what does PCR do?

making many copies of DNA in lab for testing or examination.

What causes mutations?

Environmental agents, or happens spontaneously?

What is something enviromental that causes a change in Dna?

Mutagen: Fumes

Mutation that leads to cancer?

Carcinogens: Radiation, nail products

Types of mutations?

Subustion, deletion, insertion

What is a misense mutation?

Codes for wrong codon

Nonsense mutation?

Unfinished

A example of a damage recognizer?

DNA Poly III, or Photolyase

What replaces bonds?

Ligase

Types of mutation causes?

Spontaneous, UV light, Dna replication

Rna polly 2 will make what from the orginal strand of dna?

Strand of RNA

RNA POLLY 2 attaches and begins transcription?

Promoter region

Exons

Coded sequences WE NEED TO KEEP

Introns

noncoding sequences WE DONT NEED

What removes introns?

Splicesome

Post-transcriptional-modifacation

Guanine and 3 phosphates will be added to the beginning of the mRNA , A poly-A tail is added to the end. After this it leaves for the cytoplasm

RibosomeRNA

codes for how to make ribosomes

transferRNA

Helps translate by adding amino acids

How many subunits are in a ribosome?

30 small, 50 large

Every 3 nucleotides is called….?

A codon and in tRNA a anticodon

Translation?

The right amino acid will get brought in,

Somatic Cells?

Body cells like liver, skin, eyes, contains 46 chromosomes

Homolog?

chromosome pair identical to each other

Diploid

Number of chromosomes you start with

There are two phases the first 95% of the time is spent in, the other 5%?

INTERPHASE, Mitosis

What happens in the G1 stage:

The cell grows twice its size, duplicates its inside structures

If the cell doesn’t grow twice its size what does the g1 checkpoint do?

Sends it to G(o) where the cell will grow twice its size or dies

What stage does chromatin replicate?

Synthesis

Mitosis has how many phases

4

Prophase

Nuclear/Nucleus disappear, chromatin wrap around histones to become chromatids

What do chromatids pair up into during prophase?

Sister chromatids, and centrioles move to opposite sides and produce spindle fibers

Metaphase?

Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids via kinetochores, they are then pushed into the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell non kinetochore spindle fibers that did not attach to chromatids have moved past each other and push on the poles of the cell

Telophase

Nuclei reform, Chromatids convert back into chromatin. Clevage furrow pinches a middle

Cytokensis

Cytoplasm divides, creating 2 new, identical daughter cells Each human somatic cell should contain 46 chromatin

DNA stands for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does DNA coil around to make a chromosome?

Histones

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

5-carbon sugar ,phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

What are some examples of nitrogenous bases?

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine)

Which two bonds are required to form DNA?

Phosphodiester bonds , Hydrogen bonds

What are Purines

Adenine and Guanine which consit of two rings with amine groups

Pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosinem consist of one ring with amine groups. Thymine is a pyrimidine that is only found in DNA, while Uracil is only found in RNA

Chargaffs rule

A w/ T, G w/ C, A w/ U

1869, Swiss chemist identified nuclein in white blood cells?

Friedrich Miescher

Stole roslands franklins work, gave it to watson and kirk?

Maurice Wilkins

Stick and ball method

Watson and Kirk

supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative meaning, one strand of DNA will be used to make another strand?

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

What needs to happen before a cell can divide?

Each DNA molecule needs to be copied

What connects DNA strands and which way do they go?

Carbon and anitparrael from each other

what cells are involved in meiosis

gamete cells

how many daughter cells are made in meiosis

4 genetically different cells

how many cells do you get per parent

23 cells

oocytes

premature cells females are born with

spermatocytes

premature cells males are born with

homologous chromosomes

Paired chromatin that are identical

diploid cells

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

haploid cells

half the number of chromatin than what was in the original cell

genes

sections of DNA that code for a trait

crossing over

exchange of genes during sexual reproduction between two homologous non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes

Prophase 1

centrioles release spindle fibers, nucleus disappears, chromatin turns into chromatid, pairs up with another sister chromatid\=tetrad

synapsis/ crossing over

chromatid from each pair will link parts of their “arms” in order to exchange sequences of nucleotides or genes

synapsis

point where “arms bond”

Prophase I

Centrioles begin to release spindle fibers and move to opposite poles. The nucleus disappears. Chromatin condense into chromatids

Metaphase 1

tetrad lined up and formed, spindle fibers reach out and attach to the kinetochores of the tetrads

Prophase I picture

Metaphase 1 picture

Anaphase I picture

Telophase I picture

Cytokinesis I picture

Prophase II picture

Metaphase II picture

Anaphase II picture

Telophase II picture

Cytokinesis II picture

Anaphase I, Telophase I & Cytokinesis I

Spindle fibers will shorten, sister chromatids not identical anymore (pulled to opposite sides)