Colliding Cultures Cards

American Yawp Chapter 2 Key Terms

Apalachee

an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, specifically an Indigenous people of Florida

La Florida

Where Ponce de Leon arrived in 1513

Juan de Onate

in 1598 led four hundred settlers, soldiers, and missionaries from Mexico into New Mexico

Santa Fe

the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, was established in 1610

Bartolome de las Casas

wrote reports of Spanish atrocities spread throughout Europe and provided a humanitarian justification for European colonization

Black Legend

Reports of Spanish atrocities spread throughout Europe and provided a humanitarian justification for European colonization, villianizing the Catholic Spanish

French colonization in North America

developed through investment from private trading companies, formed actual relationships

Northwest Passage

mythical waterway passing through the North American continent to Asia

“Middle Ground”

a kind of cross-cultural space that allowed for native and European interaction, negotiation, and accommodation

Dutch colonization in North America

established New Netherland, an essential part of the Dutch New World empire

Wampum

consisted of shell beads fashioned by Algonquians on the southern New England coast and was valued as a ceremonial and diplomatic commodity among the Iroquois (currency)

Patroon System

granted large estates to wealthy landlords, who subsequently paid passage for the tenants to work their land

Portuguese colonization in South America

Spurred by rivalry with New Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Land east of the Tordesillas Meridian, an imaginary line dividing South America, would be given to Portugal, whereas land west of the line was reserved for Spanish conquest

Quilombos

free settlements created by those who escaped slavery

Enslaved Africans

more Africans were enslaved in Brazil than in any other colony in the Atlantic World

English colonization in North America

They claimed to be doing God’s work. Many claimed that colonization would glorify God, England, and Protestantism by Christianizing the New World’s pagan peoples

Elizabeth I

was seen as nearly divine

Joint stock companies

the ancestors of modern corporations, became the initial instruments of colonization

Roanoke Island

Virginian Colony that went missing

joint stock companies

the ancestors of modern corporations, became the initial instruments of colonization

Jamestown

the first permanent English colony in the present-day United States

Powhatan Confederacy

Powhatan, or Wahunsenacawh, as he called himself, led nearly ten thousand Algonquian-speaking people in the Chesapeake

Mortality rates

All but sixty settlers would die by the summer of 1610

“Starving time”

winter of 1609–1610

“Noxious weed”

tobacco saved Jamestown

Indentured Servants

bonded them to employers for a period of years in return for passage across the ocean

Headright policy

1618: any person who migrated to Virginia would automatically receive fifty acres of land and any immigrant whose passage they paid would entitle them to fifty acres more

House of Burgesses

limited representative body composed of white landowners that first met in Jamestown

Virginia Massacre, March 22, 1622

Opechancanough, who promised to drive the land-hungry colonists back into the sea, launched a surprise attack killing one third of all the colonists in Virginia

“Race” and skin color

ideas about race were not yet fixed and the practice of slavery was not yet codified

New England early settlements

expected economic profit, religious motives directed the rhetoric and much of the reality of these colonies

Puritans

believed that the Church of England did not distance itself far enough from Catholicism

King Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

foe that cast English Puritans as excessive and dangerous, persecuted puritans

Pilgrims

founded Plymouth Colony in 1620