Dark ages

constantinople

theodosian walls, saved city’s, bzyantines

theodosian walls

siege proof, could repare after cannons, ottoman turks

justinian

famous, faught ostrogoths and vandals, closest to restoring Roman empire, nika revolt,

theodora

prostitue, inspired justinian to stay and fight

nika revolt

over taxation, hippodrome, city distroyed, convinces leaders to go to hippodrome then murdered

hippodrome

simmilear to circus maximus, young Green leaders about to be hung but Green+blue come together and save them

justinian code

4000 laws, ten men review 12 tables but simpler,basis for modern laws throughout Europe, inspired from Orthodox christian values

contriubation of justinian *on quiz*

1. justinian code

2. Hagia Sophia

3. expanded byzantine empire (North Africa, Spain, Italy), largest empire in Europe sense Rome+closest anyone will come to Rome

Hagia Sophia

opulent temple,”temple of holy wisdom”

result of wars and plauges

the eastern Roman empire weakened and bankrupt

herakleios

1. creation of theme system (exerchates)

2. recovery of cross of Christ (true cross)

theme system

series of defenses, millitary districts surrounding exarchates, train local farmers to be soldiers

exarchate

millitary out post, in revanna+Carthage

byzantines war w/ persians

lead to invasions from Arabs, loose battle of yarmouk (early expansion of Islam), syrians except arabs of liberators

Caesaropapism

leo III, state define church policy, emperor acts as church/pope, theocracy

Iconoclasm

leo III, “breaking of images”, stop worshipping icons,

west and east empire split

pope in west disagrees with Leo III, Leo III removes control of papal state lands from pope

emperess saint Irene

regent, kills son so she can rule, inoclasm is herecy, close ties with Charlemagne, supporter of pope, exiled, viewed as saint for brining back icons

basil II

1. last effective empieror (Eastern Roman empire expanded) Bulgar-Slayer (Bulgaroktonos)

2. areas that were buffer zones are now apart of the empire, hired vikings

Battle of manzikert *on quiz*

saljuq turks under Alp Arslan, byzantines under Romanos IV Diogenes, saljuq win and capture Romans IV Diogenes, manzikurt was not terrible defeat but was more physcologle

fall of Byzantines

constantinople was invaded because it was trade route, ottoman turk leader Mehmed, everyday attack diff part of city, Constantine XI is killed

monasticism

monks (holy men) living in monasteries, focus on prayer+fasting, keep the monks away from bad world things, produce religious works, access to education

pope Gregory “gregory the great”

supporter of Christan monestarys+missionaries, makes monks convert germanic tribal groups, adopt pagen customs into christian to get them to convert (Jesus birthday on 25)

saint Benedict

the benedictine rules (creative guide to become self sefitiant, daily activities), ora et labora (work and pray), founded monasteries

st.patrick

responsible for irish conversion,slave in Ireland, ireland becomes christian stronghold, irish monks spread Christianity

book of kells

hand written+surrivied, example of religious text from monistaries, contain Christan gosples with illustrations

Lombards

invade weak western Roman empire, arian christians convert to Orthodox, conflict w/ bishops+popes, beginings of Catholic church seizing power

lombard king Agiluf

theudelinda convinces him to convert to Orthodox

visigoths in Spain

1.arian Christan group

2. Reccared convert to Orthodox

3. councils of toledo

counsils of toledo

1. political power, powerful church councils from toledo (capital of visigoths), strong influence over gov and society, nominate visigoth kings

2. pass laws that oppress non-christain communites

3. beginings of church putting people on trial

Franks “French”

roman feds (first to relise don’t need Romans), franks take over Roman authority ruled Gual, convert to orthodox, franks become French

Clovis I

1.long hair, merovichian dynasty after grandfather

2. unification of frankish tribes around gaul

3. first to convert to orthodox Christianity, gets baptized because people he controls are already Christan

4.clovis needs people who can read+write

gavelkind

way the franks did inheritance, property, role, title, kingdom split equally among male children of dead

salic law of succession

from code of salic franks (lex salica), only handed down through male line

Dagobert I

king of all the franks, rule w/ dad chlothar II, PEAK, last king Merovinigain to exercise dynastic authority

mayor of the palace

ruled for king (like vizier), hereditary

charles Martel

1.mayor of palace, protect the kingdom

2. stopped invasim of Muslims from spain into France (battle of tours)

3. offered king of franks from pope in exchange for driving out Lombards (he declined)

why are Muslims coming into France

1.economics (slave trade, wealth)

2.religious threat, win converts

papal states

land under control of the Orthodox Christian Church+Pope

pepin the short

1. son of charles Martel, pope and vote went Pepins way,

2. pepin gives land to pope (donation of the pepin),

3. crowned king of franks,

4. drives out Lombards

charlemange

1. expands the kingdom of franks

2. protects religion from Muslims umyyads (Christiany spread)

3. conquers Saxons forces them to die or convert

4. revives education (literacy)

frankish administration

missi dominici (lord’s emissaries)= layman and a bishop, inspected the work of dukes and counts

Duke:administrative officials similar to counts, in charge of larger geographic areas (more authority than the counts)

Counts: administrative officials in charge of cities, limited control of municipal territories, administer royal justice

Palace Chapel at Aachen

Charlemagne’s favorite palace, present day Germany, symbol of how Franks influenced by Muslim architecture (Umayyads in Spain) and Christian East.

Frankish education (push for litteture results)

1. standardization of writing (before the printing press, legible and standardized writing is an important development).

2. standardization of uncial (upper-case) and miniscule

(lower-case) letters.

alcuin

1.adviser to charlemange

2.set up schools, educational centers

3. introduced the methods of English learning into the Frankish schools

4. systematized the curriculum

5.raised the standards of scholarship

6. encouraged the study of liberal arts for the better understanding of spiritual doctrine.

charlemange’s heir

louis I the Pious dies, three sons

treaty of Verdun

Louis(Germany), Lothar(Italy) and Charles the Bald( france) split, division shows the beginning of modern European states such Italy, Germany, and France,

eruopean invaders

musllim moors,magyars, vikings

vikings

from Scandinavia, fara i viking (piracy), lay seige on Paris for wealth, raids cause consequence on culture and language, go in spring

why did vikings attack monasteries

1. they were rich

2. monks did not fight back

paris raids

845: successfully under Ragnar Lodbrok. West Frankish king Charles the Bald bribes Ragnar to leave with silver and gold

885-886: unsuccessfully Paris by Odo, Count of Paris, account of the siege left by a monk Abo Cernuus (biased to favor the French and Cernuus is well known for his exaggerations), Vikings bribed to leave after the arrival of the Frankish king Charles the Fat, offers the Vikings less silver than first time to leave

charles the simple

land grant to rollo (Normandy),

1. encourage vikings to stop raiding frankish

2. Rollo protect the mouth of the Seine River against future Viking raids.