Chapter 7 Neuron structures and functions

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40 Terms

1

Central Nervous System organs?

brain and spinal cord

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2

Central Nervous System functions?

commands center interprets incoming sensory information

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3

Peripheral Nervous System organs?

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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4

Peripheral Nervous System functions?

communication line among sensory organs, the brain, spinal cord, gland, and muscle

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5

Sensory (afferent) Division

nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

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6

Somatic sensory fibers

carries information from the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints

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7

Visceral (organ) sensory fibers

carries information from visceral organs

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8

Motor (efferent) Division

nerves fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system organs to muscle and glands

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9

Somatic Nervous System

voluntary, consciously controls skeletal muscles

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10

Autonomic Nervous System

controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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11

Sympatric

fight or flight

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12

Parasympathetic

rest and repose

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13

CNS support cells grouped together are called what?

neuroglia

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14

General functions of support cells?

support, insulate, protect neurons

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15

CNS-Astrocytes

  • abundant, star-shaped cells

  • protect neurons from harmful substances in blood

  • control the chemical environment of the brain

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16

CNS-Microglia

  • spiderlike phagocytes

  • Monitor health of nearby neurons

  • dispose of debris

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17

CNS-Ependymal cells

  • lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord

  • cilia assists with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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18

CNS-Oligodendrocytes

  • wraps around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

  • produce myelin sheaths

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19

PNS-Schwann cells

  • forms myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the Peripheral nervous system

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20

PNS-Satellite cells

protects and cushions neuron cell bodies

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21

Myelin?

white fatty material covering axons of a neuron to protect and insulate fibers as a way to speed up nerve impulse transmissions

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22

sensory neurons?

from Peripheral NS to Central NS

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23

interneuron neurons?

links sensory and motor

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24

motor neurons?

from Central NS to Peripheral NS to muscle and glands

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25

Unipolar neurons?

1 cell process extending from cell body

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26

bipolar neurons?

2 cell processes extending from cell body

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27

multipolar neurons?

many cell process extending from cell body

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28

nerve impulse 1st step

resting membrane potential is polarized; inside has more negative and outside is positive

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29

nerve impulse 2nd step

local stimulus opens Na+(sodium) gates

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30

nerve impulse 3rd step

all or none response activates the action potential

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31

nerve impulse 4th step

depolarization - Na+ rushes in; inside of cell becomes positive and outside negative

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32

nerve impulse 5th step

repolarization - Na+ gates close

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33

nerve impulse 6th step

return to resting state by the activity of the Na+/K+ pump

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34

transmission of a signal at synapses 1st step

action potential reaches the axon terminals, Ca² + channels open (presynaptic cell)

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35

transmission of a signal at synapses 2nd step

vesicles to fuse with the axon membrane

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36

transmission of a signal at synapses 3rd step

neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

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37

transmission of a signal at synapses 4th step

neurotransmitters diffuse across and bind to receptor proteins on post synaptic cell

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38

transmission of a signal at synapses 5th step

Na+ ion channels open; action potential

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39

transmission of a signal at synapses 6th step

ion channels close neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse

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40

multiple sclerosis

a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheath around CNS fibers converting them to hardened sheaths called scleroses (an autoimmune diseases = mistakenly attack healthy body cells)

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