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Central Nervous System organs?
brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System functions?
commands center interprets incoming sensory information
Peripheral Nervous System organs?
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Peripheral Nervous System functions?
communication line among sensory organs, the brain, spinal cord, gland, and muscle
Sensory (afferent) Division
nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system
Somatic sensory fibers
carries information from the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints
Visceral (organ) sensory fibers
carries information from visceral organs
Motor (efferent) Division
nerves fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system organs to muscle and glands
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary, consciously controls skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Sympatric
fight or flight
Parasympathetic
rest and repose
CNS support cells grouped together are called what?
neuroglia
General functions of support cells?
support, insulate, protect neurons
CNS-Astrocytes
abundant, star-shaped cells
protect neurons from harmful substances in blood
control the chemical environment of the brain
CNS-Microglia
spiderlike phagocytes
Monitor health of nearby neurons
dispose of debris
CNS-Ependymal cells
lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord
cilia assists with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
CNS-Oligodendrocytes
wraps around nerve fibers in the central nervous system
produce myelin sheaths
PNS-Schwann cells
forms myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the Peripheral nervous system
PNS-Satellite cells
protects and cushions neuron cell bodies
Myelin?
white fatty material covering axons of a neuron to protect and insulate fibers as a way to speed up nerve impulse transmissions
sensory neurons?
from Peripheral NS to Central NS
interneuron neurons?
links sensory and motor
motor neurons?
from Central NS to Peripheral NS to muscle and glands
Unipolar neurons?
1 cell process extending from cell body
bipolar neurons?
2 cell processes extending from cell body
multipolar neurons?
many cell process extending from cell body
nerve impulse 1st step
resting membrane potential is polarized; inside has more negative and outside is positive
nerve impulse 2nd step
local stimulus opens Na+(sodium) gates
nerve impulse 3rd step
all or none response activates the action potential
nerve impulse 4th step
depolarization - Na+ rushes in; inside of cell becomes positive and outside negative
nerve impulse 5th step
repolarization - Na+ gates close
nerve impulse 6th step
return to resting state by the activity of the Na+/K+ pump
transmission of a signal at synapses 1st step
action potential reaches the axon terminals, Ca² + channels open (presynaptic cell)
transmission of a signal at synapses 2nd step
vesicles to fuse with the axon membrane
transmission of a signal at synapses 3rd step
neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
transmission of a signal at synapses 4th step
neurotransmitters diffuse across and bind to receptor proteins on post synaptic cell
transmission of a signal at synapses 5th step
Na+ ion channels open; action potential
transmission of a signal at synapses 6th step
ion channels close neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse
multiple sclerosis
a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheath around CNS fibers converting them to hardened sheaths called scleroses (an autoimmune diseases = mistakenly attack healthy body cells)