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metaphor

the stated or implied equivalence of two things not normally associated

metonymy

subsitution of a related thing for the thing itself

synecdoche

substitution of a part for a whole

reification

the giving of physical existence to an abstraction

apostrophe

address to an absent or imaginary person

analogy

extended simile

allegory

extended metaphor (story with 2 levels of meaning: literal and implied)

symbol

means something in addition to itself

vehicle

typically a metaphor; thing actually stated

tenor

subject of the metaphor

simple verbal irony

intended meaning differs from literal meaning

sarcasm

mock praise

hyperbole

overstatement

Litotes

affirms by denying the contrast

paradox

a statement that contradicts itself

situational irony

paradox in circumstances or outcome

anticlimax

a disappointing decline after a previous rise

dramatic irony

readers knowledge vs the character's ignorance - the writer provides the reader with information the character doesn't have

allusion

reference in a work of literature to something outside of it

Come, Thou Almighty King

theme: praise God for his attributes revealed in the Trinity

I will Praise the Lord at All Times

theme: nature helps me praise the Lord at all times

This World is Not Conclusion

theme: the sense of a real but unkowable afterlife gnaws at us

Sonnet 73

theme: love triumphd over time; as physical beauty declines, strength increases

Rambler 161

theme: the full range of human experience is availablein the familiar & near at hand

direct expression

states in plain style

indirect expression

states idea in a literary device of some type

Sonnet 146

"fading mansion" - care too much about outward appearance

Ozymandias

broken statue for king of kings (situation irony)

The Unkown Citizen

mock praise

When I consider How My Light is Spent

God doesn't need us

Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint

uses classical allusion

Once by the Pacific

"Put out the Light"

The Largest Fire Ever Known

extended metaphor; sun is the largest fire

The Mountains and the Sea

animisim; mountains-domesticated (dog); sea-wild (snake, lion)

Redemption

allegory of us coming to Christ

The Trusims

allegory; son disregards father's wisdom; life comes out of father's death

The Clod and the Pebble

Clod - foolish, selfless love; pebble - successful, selfish love