Neuroplasticity and Brain Development

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to neuroplasticity, brain development, and the biological and environmental factors influencing cognitive functioning.

The brain is now thought of as a dynamic system, constantly modifying its ___ to match the demands of the environment and goals of the organism.

circuitry

During early childhood, the brain undergoes rapid development, with significant growth in both size and ___ of neural networks.

complexity

Adolescence is marked by continued development of the ___, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.

prefrontal cortex

Basic reflexes controlled by the CNS can be observed in the developing fetus by the end of the ___ trimester.

second

Neuronal migration involves the movement of newly generated neurons from their place of origin to their final destinations within the ___ or spinal cord.

brain

___ is the process of generating new neurons and typically occurs in specific regions of the developing brain, such as the ventricular zone.

Neurogenesis

Radial glial cells provide physical support and guidance for migrating neurons and are a type of ___ cell.

glial

Chemical signaling includes guidance molecules like Reelin and ___ that play crucial roles in directing migrating neurons.

Semaphorins

Not all neurons that are generated during development survive; some undergo ___ if they fail to migrate properly or establish connections.

apoptosis

___ are agents that can induce or increase the incidence of birth defects in a developing child.

Teratogens

Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis by increasing blood flow and releasing ___ factors.

neurotrophic

Excessive screen time can affect the prefrontal cortex, potentially leading to reduced ___ volume in this area.

gray matter

One hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein ___ in the brain.

plaques

___ refers to the brain's ability to withstand damage and function effectively despite age-related changes or neurological damage.

Cognitive reserve

Regular physical activity has been associated with longer ___, which are protective against age-related decline.

telomeres

Dopamine is often associated with pleasure and desire, while ___ is more associated with long-term happiness and fulfillment.

serotonin