Ch. 9 The Tools of Land-Use Planning

public capital investment

most accessible sites command highest prices→ builders will develop on most expensive land

public expenditures on roads and highways

public investment in water and sewer lines

public investment in facilities such as schools, universities, airports, harbor facilities, parkland

capital expenditures

generally financed with bonds→ often involve large sums of lumpy money

capital budget

most local govs maintain a separate capital budget and capital improvements plan (CIP)

lays out expected sequence of investments and gives municipal gov rough schedule

bonds

general obligation bond (GO)→ financing new municipal building, full faith and credit

revenue bonds→ not obligations of municipal or state gov, backed by a claim on revenues that facility is expected to generate

grants

from higher levels of gov

closed-end matching grant, can be the difference between possible and impossible

10% local money, 90% federal money typically

subdivision regulations

enforcement is exercise of police power by municipality within framework of powers granted to it by the state

control manner in which blocks of land over a certain size may be converted into building lots

must approve a map of property

apply to residential development, but can also govern some commercial and industrial development

zoning ordinances

generally prepared by community’s planners or planning consultant

acquires legal force when community’s legislative body passes a measure adopting it

map that divides community into number of zones

text, which specifies in considerable detail what may be constructed in each zone and to what structures may be put

1) site layout requirements

2) requirements for structure characteristics

3) uses to which structures may be put

4) procedural matters

has considerable power to achieve goals that community favors, and is almost free

synchronization between land use controls and public capital investment

limited by economic and legal forces

effective in growing areas; not as effective in older urban areas where land use pattern is already established

inclusionary zoning

developers who build more than a specified number of units must include a certain percentage of units for low and moderate income households

planned unit development

often used to encourage more flexible and creative land use designs

cluster zoning

land-use planning and zoning strategy that allows for the grouping or clustering of residential buildings or housing units on a portion of a larger parcel of land while preserving the remaining land as open space or for other purposes.

This approach is often used to promote more efficient land use, preserve natural resources, and create a sense of community within a development.

performance zoning

approach to land-use planning and zoning that focuses on regulating and controlling the outcomes and impacts of development rather than prescribing specific land uses or building forms. In contrast to traditional zoning, which often relies on rigid land use categories and zoning districts, performance zoning seeks to achieve desired outcomes through objective performance standards and criteria. Here are some key features and principles of performance zoning