Lecture 1.1

Neuroanatomy

What does the CNS arise from?

the neural tube

What is CSF contained within in the brain?

ventricles

Nerves for the organs =

enteric nervous system

the enteric nervous system is part of the (PNS/CNS)

PNS

Ganglia

grouping of cell bodies in the periphery

What are the 3 main divisions of the developing brain?

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

What are the 5 total divisions of the developing brain?

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

The telencephalon is composed of the: (4)

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

The mesencephalon is composed of the: (3)

cerebral peducles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

The metencephalon is composed of the: (2)

pons and cerebellum

The myelencephalon is composed of the:

medulla

The forebrain is made up of: (2)

telencephalon and diencephalon

The hindbrain is made up of: (2)

metencephalon and myelencephalon

What are the 2 flexures of the developing brain from caudal to rostral?

cervical flexure and cephalic flexure

Which part of the brain is most impacted by alcohol?

the cerebellum

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

primary relay center

What produces cerebrospinal fluid?

choroid plexus

Where does choroid plexus reside?

the ventricles (roof of 3rd and 4th, roof and floor of lateral)

The lateral ventricle drains to the ventricle via the

third, interventricular foramen

the third ventricle drains to the ventricle via the

fourth, cerebral aqueduct

What are the 3 meningeal layers, from deep to superficial?

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

True or false: the pia can be separated from the surface of the brain if you are very very careful

false

What is the name of the area between pia and arachnoid mater?

subarachnoid space

The space is a true space, and always full of _.

subarachnoid, fluid

What is the name of the space between the arachnoid and the dura mater?

subdural space

The _ space is potential space.

subdural

What is the function of the dura mater?

protection

What are teh 2 partitions that arise from the dura mater?

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

the falx cerebri separates:

the 2 cerebral hemispheres

the tentorium cerebelli separates the:

cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

What are the cells that form myelin in the CNS?

oligodendrocytes

What are the cells that form myelin in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

exposed segments of axon (unmyelinated)

True or false: not all axons are myelinated.

true

Most synapses are (chemical/electrical)

chemical

How does a signal travel from one Node of Ranvier to anotehr?

saltatory conduction

Where does an action potential need to be recreated as it travels down an axon?

at the Nodes of Ranvier

What are the4 main shapes of neuron?

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

What are the 2 types of multipolar neurons?

projection and interneurons

What type of neuron is mostly found in invertebrates?

unipolar neurons

Where can bipolar neurons typically be found?

in specialized periphery nerves

Where are psudounipolar neurons typically found?

in the sensory system

Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are _

mulipolar

Projection neurons have (short/long) axons and (stay in/travel out of) the region the cell body is located in.

long, travel out of

Interneurons have (short/long) axons and (stay in/travel out of) the region the cell body is located in.

short, stay in

What are the 2 functions of chemical transmitters?

mediate rapid communication through neurons, neuromodulation

An EPSP brings the neuron (closer/further) from an action potential, while an IPSP brings the neuron (closer/further) from an action potential.

closer, further

What are 2 functions of neuromodulation?

regulate synaptic transmission, regulate neuronal growth

Glutamate is (inhibitory/excitatory)

excitatory

GABA is (inhibitory/excitatory)

inhibitory

Acetylcholine is located in the:

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Dopamine is located in the:

basal ganglia

White matter is:

myelinated axons

Gray matter is:

cell bodies

Define commissure

white matter structure that connects R and L sides of the CNS

What are the 4 commissures in the brain?

corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure

(afferent/efferent) neurons carry information away from a structure, while (afferent/efferent) neurons carry information toward a structure

efferent, afferent

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum from rostral to caudal?

rostrum, genu, body, splenium

In the spinal cord, gray matter is in the (outer/inner) layer, while in the brain it is in the (outer/inner) layer.

inner, outer

What are the 2 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

sympathetic and parasympathetic (SNS and PSNS)

The PSNS arises from which spinal levels?

S2-S4

The PSNS releases what neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

What is the primary function of the PSNS? (answer in common way to remember)

rest and digest

The SNS arises from which spinal levels?

T1-L3

The SNS releases what neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

What iis the primary function of the SNS? (answer in common way to remember)

fight or flight

The frontal lobe is in generally in charge of ____ and ____

motor, higher order processing

The parietal lobe is in generally in charge of ____

sensation

The temporal lobe is in generally in charge of ____ and ____

language, memory

The occipital lobe is in generally in charge of ____

eyesight

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

in the Sylvian fissure

What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?

transverse temporal gyri of Heschl

How many layers of neocortex are there?

6

Lamina I is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

input, from, other layers of lamina

Lamina II is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

output, to, more cortex

Lamina III is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

output, to, more cortex

Lamina IV is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

input, from, the thalamus

Lamina V is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

output, from, subcortical structures (brainstem, basal ganglia, spinal cord)

Lamina VI is (input/output) and goes (to/from) _

output, from, the thalamus

The fibers making up lamina II and III are called:

association or commisural fibers

The fibers making up lamina IV are called:

thalamocortical fibers

The fibers making up lamina V are called:

corticomotor fibers

The fibers making up lamina VI are called:

corticothalamic fibers

Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3 have a funcional area in the ____, with the function of ______

primary somatosensory cortex, touch

Brodmann's area 4 has a funcional area in the ____, with the function of ______

primary motor cortex, voluntary movement control