PSY-267 Midterm

What are the Hawthorne Studies?

A series of studies in the 1920s examining how social factors and work conditions affect productivity.

What is the 'Hawthorne effect'?

Workers improved productivity simply because they were being observed.

Define job performance.

The effectiveness with which an employee fulfills their job duties, including behaviors, performance outcomes, and results.

Give an example of high job performance.

An employee consistently meets or exceeds their sales targets.

What is task performance?

The execution of specific tasks that contribute directly to organizational goals.

Provide an example of task performance.

A software developer successfully coding a new application feature.

Define contextual performance.

Behaviors that contribute to the organizational environment, such as teamwork and interpersonal skills.

What is an example of contextual performance?

An employee helping colleagues and fostering a positive team atmosphere.

What is Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)?

Voluntary behaviors not part of the employee's formal job requirements but that benefit the organization.

Provide an example of OCB.

An employee staying late to help a coworker finish a project.

Define prosocial organizational behavior.

Positive behaviors that promote the welfare of others within the organization.

Give an example of prosocial organizational behavior.

An employee mentoring a new hire.

What is adaptive performance?

The ability to adjust to changes in the work environment.

Provide an example of adaptive performance.

A sales representative quickly learning to use a new CRM system after implementation.

Define proactive behavior.

Taking initiative to anticipate and address potential problems or opportunities.

Give an example of proactive behavior.

An employee proposing a new project to streamline processes before issues arise.

Define deviant behaviors.

Actions that violate organizational norms and can harm the organization or its members.

Give an example of deviant behavior.

An employee spreading negative rumors about a coworker.

What are counterproductive work behaviors (CWB)?

Intentional behaviors harmful to the organization or its members.

Provide an example of CWB.

Stealing office supplies for personal use.

What is quiet quitting?

The practice of doing the minimum required at work without going above and beyond.

Give an example of quiet quitting.

An employee only completing assigned tasks.

Define mediation.

A process through which a third variable explains the relationship between two other variables.

Give an example of mediation.

Employee motivation mediating the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance.

Define moderation.

A variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between two variables.

Provide an example of moderation.

The impact of training on job performance moderated by prior experience.

What is motivation?

The internal drive that prompts individuals to act toward achieving a goal.

Give an example of motivation.

An employee working overtime to achieve a personal goal.

Define amotivation.

A lack of motivation or drive to engage in a behavior.

Provide an example of amotivation.

An employee feeling indifferent about their job.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Motivation driven by external rewards like pay and recognition.

Give an example of extrinsic motivation.

An employee working hard to earn a bonus.

Define intrinsic motivation.

Motivation driven by internal satisfaction or personal interest.

Give an example of intrinsic motivation.

An artist creating a painting for the joy of creating.

What is employee engagement?

The emotional commitment employees have toward their organization and its goals.

Provide an example of employee engagement.

An employee actively participating in team projects.

Define emotions.

Short-term reactions to specific events.

Give an example of emotions.

Feeling happy after receiving praise from a supervisor.

What is mood?

Longer-lasting emotional states.

Provide an example of mood.

Feeling generally upbeat throughout the week.

Define affect.

General feelings that encompass both emotions and moods.

Give an example of positive affect.

A person feeling happy and content.

What is emotion regulation?

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences effectively.

Provide an example of emotion regulation.

An employee using deep breathing before a stressful meeting.

Define emotional labor.

The process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill emotional job requirements.

Give an example of emotional labor.

A customer service representative maintaining a cheerful demeanor with upset customers.

What is surface acting?

Pretending to feel an emotion without actually feeling it.

Provide an example of surface acting.

A waitress smiling at customers despite feeling frustrated.

What is deep acting?

Trying to genuinely feel the emotion that one is required to express.

Give an example of deep acting.

A therapist empathizing by recalling similar experiences.

Define emotional intelligence.

The ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and those of others.

What is positive affect?

The extent to which an individual feels enthusiastic and alert.

Provide an example of positive affect.

An employee feeling energized after a successful presentation.

Define negative affect.

The extent to which an individual feels distressed or upset.

Give an example of negative affect.

An employee feeling anxious before a performance review.

What are job attitudes?

An employee's feelings about their job and organization.

Give an example of job attitude.

An employee feeling satisfied with their work-life balance.

Define job satisfaction.

The extent to which employees feel positively about their jobs.

Provide an example of job satisfaction.

An employee enjoying their tasks.

What is organizational commitment?

The psychological attachment of employees to their organization.

Give an example of organizational commitment.

An employee expressing loyalty to the company's mission.

Define affective commitment.

Emotional attachment to the organization.

What is an example of affective commitment?

An employee feeling proud to work for a socially responsible company.

Define continuance commitment.

Awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization.

Give an example of continuance commitment.

An employee staying due to losing benefits if they leave.

What is normative commitment?

Feeling obligated to remain with the organization.

Provide an example of normative commitment.

An employee feeling a sense of duty to stay after receiving support.

What is perceived organizational support?

Employees' perception of how much the organization values their contributions.

Provide an example of perceived organizational support.

An employee feeling appreciated when management acknowledges their hard work.

Define job involvement.

The degree to which a person identifies with their job and its importance.

Give an example of job involvement.

A teacher considering their work a central part of their identity.

What is distributive justice?

Perceived fairness of outcomes received, like pay.

Provide an example of distributive justice.

Employees believing their salary is fair compared to colleagues.

Define procedural justice.

Perceived fairness of the processes used to determine outcomes.

Give an example of procedural justice.

Employees feeling that promotion processes are transparent.

What is stress?

The response to demands that exceed an individual's resources.

Provide an example of stress.

An employee feeling overwhelmed by heavy workloads.

Define eustress.

Positive stress that can motivate individuals.

What is an example of eustress?

Feeling excited before a big presentation.

Define distress.

Negative stress that can lead to health problems.

Provide an example of distress.

Chronic stress leading to burnout.

What are stressors?

Events or conditions that cause stress.

Given an example of a stressor.

An impending deadline for a major project.

What is strain?

The physical or emotional response to stressors.

Provide an example of strain.

Feeling fatigued and anxious due to work pressures.

Define coping.

Strategies to manage stress.

Give an example of coping.

An employee taking breaks and practicing mindfulness.

What is problem-focused coping?

Strategies aimed at addressing the problem causing stress.

Provide an example of problem-focused coping.

An employee creating a schedule to manage workload.

Define emotion-focused coping.

Strategies aimed at managing emotions associated with stress.

Example of emotion-focused coping.

An employee talking to a friend about work-related stress.

What is detachment?

Techniques to distance oneself from stressors.

Provide an example of detachment.

An employee unplugging from emails during vacation.

What is relaxation?

Techniques to achieve a state of calm.

Give an example of relaxation.

Practicing yoga after a busy day.

Define mastery.

The perceived ability to influence outcomes.

Give an example of mastery.

An employee feeling skilled in their job.

What is control?

The perceived ability to manage one’s environment.

Provide an example of control.

An employee feeling in charge of their work schedule.

What is thriving?

Experiencing growth and success in various aspects of life.