HUN1201 exam #2

triglycerides

type of lipid with glycerol + 3 fatty acids. most dietary fat is stored as _____.

fatty acids

type of lipid that is a long chain of an even number of carbons. saturated or unsaturated.

omega 3 and omega 6 

type of lipid that is a special type of fatty acid. 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

phospholipids

type of lipid with polar and nonpolar characteristics. main component of cell membranes. emulsifiers. 

sterols

type of lipid used to make cholesterol and steroid hormones. ringed structures.

saturated fat

fat that is full of hydrogens with single bonds only

unsaturated fat

fat that is missing hydrogens due to double bonds

mono-unsaturated fatty acids 

omega 9 group fatty acids

linolenic acid

omega 3 fatty acid

linoleic acid

omega 6 fatty acid

saturated 

can get _______ fat from most animal fats

mono-unsaturated

can get _________ fats from olive and canola oils

linolenic acid / omega 3

can get ____________ from sunflower, safflower, corn, and soybean oils

linoleic acid / omega 6

can get ___________ from soybean and canola oils, flaxseed, walnuts

condensation reaction

triglycerides are formed from ________

hydrogenation

common practice in food safety that protects fats against oxidation or spoilage. makes liquid oils more solid

cis-fatty acids

fatty acid that has its hydrogens on the same side of the double bond. bend into a u-like formation. most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods. 

trans-fatty acids

fatty acid that has its hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond. more linear molecules. occurs in partially hydrogenated foods.

lecithin

the best-known phospholipid

lingual lipase

enzyme in saliva in the mouth that is the beginning of fat digestion

gastric lipase

enzyme present in the stomach for digesting fat.

small intestine

most lipid digestion occurs in the _______. 

cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone in the small intestine that signals the gallbladder to release bile during lipid digestion.

hydrolysis

triglycerides and phospholipids undergo _______ in the small intestine during lipid digestion through dat digesting enzymes.

pancreatic lipase

the main lipid digestion enzyme in the small intestine

chylomicrons

transport vehicles in the lymphatic system that transport diet-derived lipids. largest and least dense of the lipoproteins

lipoproteins

clusters of lipids and proteins that transport fats in the bloodstream

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

lipoproteins made in the liver that transport diet-derived lipids in a fasted state

micelle

a lipid-soluable droplet thsat is hydrophobic on the outside and hydrophilic on the inside

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

lipoproteins responsible for cell needs, liver regulation, and blood cholesterol levels. 

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from cells and take to the liver for recycling. have anti-inflammatory properties.

adipose tissue

triglycerides are stored in ______, which secretes hormones to regulate energy balance and influence body functions.

adipokines

hormones secreted by adipose tissue

amino acids

the building blocks of proteins

CHON

proteins contain… (what elements?)

20

number of amino acids 

9

number of essential amino acids

peptide bonds

amino acids are linked by __________.

condensation reactions

peptide bonds are created through ________. 

denaturation

the unfolding of proteins. uncoil and lose shape

hydrochloric acid

the first step of of protein digestion involves ______ denaturing proteins in the stomach.

pepsinogen

the inactive version of the enzyme that breaks down protein

pepsin

the active version of the enzyme that breaks down protein

peptidase

enzyme that breaks down peptides

hydrolysis reactions

in the small intestine, peptides are broken down into amino acids through ________.

transcription

the process of using a DNA template to make mRNA

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis. the facilitator of translation

mRNA

RNA strands that have the template/instructions for a new protein

tRNA

RNA that collects amino acids from cell fluid to attach to the amino acids on the mRNA. 

translation

the process of creating a protein from a strand of mRNA

zero nitrogen balance

nitrogen intake equals nitrogen output

positive nitrogen state

body synthesizes nitrogen more than it degrades. state in growing infants, children, heavy exercisers

negative nitrogen balance

body degrades more nitrogen than it synthesizes. happens in a state of starvation or stress.

10-35% 

AMDR for protein

.8g per kg of body weight per day

RDA of protein for adults

anabolism

building body compounds. requires energy.

catabolism

breaking down body compounds. releases energy

glycolysis

in metabolism, carbohydrates are broken down through the process of ________. 

beta-oxidation

in metabolism, lipids are broken down through a process called _______. i

deamination

in metabolism, proteins are broken down through a process called _________. 

ATP

provides energy for all cell activities

coenzyme

without a _________, an enzyme cannot function

TCA / citric acid cycle

the final common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids

acetyl CoA

the common intermediate rom macronutrient metabolism

glycolysis

the metabolic process in which glucose yields pyruvate, which yields acetyl CoA and expels 2 net ATP

inner compartment of mitochondria

TCA cycle occurs in the _______

gluconeogenesis

the breakdown of protein for energy when glycogen is depleted.

alchol dehydrogynase

enzyme that coverts alcohol (ethanol) to acetaldehyde

niacin

B vitamin that serves as a coenzyme in alcohol metabolism