Controversies in Philippine History

This set of flashcards covers key controversies and events in Philippine history, focusing on the first Mass, the Cavite Mutiny, Jose Rizal's retraction document, the Cry of Balintawak, the role of political cartoons, and the EDSA Revolution, particularly regarding the influence and legacy of Corazon Aquino.

What is the controversy surrounding the first Mass in the Philippines?

It is debated whether the first Mass was held in Limasawa or Butuan.

Who chronicled the Magellan expedition and recorded the first Mass?

Antonio Pigafetta.

On what date was the first Mass in the Philippines supposedly celebrated?

Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.

What did Pigafetta state about the location of the first Mass?

He referred to it as being held on an island called 'Mazaua'.

What geographic evidence was presented to argue that the first Mass was in Limasawa?

Accounts from Pigafetta and Francisco Albo indicated a westward journey from Homonhon to Leyte and then to Limasawa.

What claim does Father Fernando Colins make regarding the first Mass?

He asserts that Magellan celebrated the first Mass in Butuan.

What factor contributed to the Cavite Mutiny according to Governor Izquierdo?

The attempt to overthrow Spanish colonizers was promoted by local clergy and caused by injustices such as non-payment of tobacco crops.

When did the Cavite Mutiny occur?

January 20, 1872.

According to Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, what was the intention of the Cavite Mutiny?

To ensure material and educational progress, not to separate from Spain.

What major consequence of the Cavite Mutiny led to significant unrest?

The execution of the GOMBURZA priests.

Who were the three priests collectively known as GOMBURZA?

Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

What significant event is associated with Jose Rizal shortly before his execution?

The signing of a retraction document accepting Catholic faith is debated for its authenticity.

Why was Jose Rizal executed by the Spanish colonial government?

He was accused of rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy for his involvement in the Philippine Revolution.

Which term refers to the first clash between the Katipuneros and Civil Guards?

The Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin.

Who primarily led the Katipuneros during the Cry of Balintawak?

Andres Bonifacio.

What was the significance of tearing up cédulas during the Cry?

It symbolized defiance against allegiance to Spain.

What is the current officially recognized date and location of the Cry in the Philippines?

August 23 in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.

How did political cartoons during the American period serve the public?

They publicized opinions through symbolism, differing from verbose editorials.

What role did Corazon Aquino play in the EDSA People Power Revolution?

She became the symbol of the revolution, leading to the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos.

What was the foreign debt amount mentioned by Cory Aquino in her speech?

26 \text{ billion}

What approach did Cory Aquino advocate for addressing insurgency?

A path of peace and reintegration into society.

What major political contrast did Cory Aquino draw in her speech?

A contrast between her democratic government and the dictatorship of Marcos.

Why is Cory Aquino's speech before the U.S. Congress historically significant?

It helped cement the legitimacy of her government in the international arena.

What was a 'cédula' during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines?

A residence certificate or personal identification paper that symbolized allegiance to the Spanish colonial government.

Which revolutionary society initiated the Cry of Balintawak?

The Katipuneros (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan).

How did political cartoons differ from 'verbose editorials' in communicating public opinion during the American period?

Cartoons conveyed opinions through symbolism and imagery, while editorials relied on detailed written arguments.