microbio test 3

Fungi

Chemoheterotrophs

Aerobic or facultative anaerobic

Mycology

Study of Fungi

Hyphae

Threadlike filaments in fungi that are the main vegetative structure of fungi

Mycelium

A mass of hyphae filaments

Septate hyphae

Coencytic hyphae

Does not contain cross-walls within the hyphae

Vegetative hyphae

Hyphae that obtain nutrients

Aerial hyphae

Hyphae involved with reproduction

Yeast

Nonfilamentous and unicellular

Budding yeats divide unevently

Ission yeasts divide evenly

Dimorphic Fungi

Yeast at 37C and Mold at 25C

Fungi metabolism requirements

Grow best at a pH of 5

Most molds are aerobic and most yeast are facultative anaerobes

Grow in high sugar and salt concs, resistant to osmotic pressure

Grow in high moisture conditions

Can metabolize complex carbohydrates

Asexual spores

Produce via mitosis and cell division and formed by the hyphae of one organism

Condidiospore

Spore not enclosed in a sac

Arthroconidia

Spores formed by the fragmentation of septate hyphae

Blastoconidia

Spores formed from the budding of the parent cell

Chlamydoconidium

Spore within a hyphal segment

Sporangiospore

Spore enclosed in a sac

Sexual spores

From the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains

3 stages: Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis

Plasmogamy

In sexual spores

When the haploid donor cell nucleus penetrate the cytoplasm of the recipient cell

Karyogamy

In sexual spores

+ and - nuclei fuse and form a diploid zygote

Meiosis

In sexual spores

When the dipoid nucleus produces a haploid nucleus

Mucoromycota/Zygomycota

Reproduce sexually through conjucation

Coenocytic hyphae

When produced aseually - Sporagiospore

When produced sexually - Zygospore

Ex. common black bread mold

Microsporidia

Reporduction occurs in a host

Obligate intracellular parasites

Ascomcota

Sac fungi

Septate hyphae

When produced asexually, conidiospore

When produced sexually, ascospore

Basidiomycota

Club fungi

Septate hyphae

Produced asexually: Conidiospores

Produced sexually: Basidiospores

(Found externally on a base pedestal called a basidium)

Mycosis

Fungal infection

5 types

Systemic mycoses

Deep within the body, affects a number of tissues and organs

Subcutaneous mycoses

Beneath the skin

Cutaneous mycoses

Affect hair, skin, and nails

Also called dermatomycoses

Superficial mycoses

Localized (Hair shafts)

Opportunistic mycoses

Fungi harmless in a normal habitat, but pathogenic in a compromised host

Aspergillus niger

Fungi that produce citric acid

Aspergillus terreus

Statins that inhibit cholesterol synthesis

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In bread, wine and produce the hep B vaccine

Taxomyces

Creates Taxol (Treats cancer)

Penicillium

Creates Penicillin

Lichen

Mutualistic combination of a green alga/cyanobacterium and fungus

Crustose Lichens

Lichen encrusted on the substratum

Foliose Lichens

Leaflike Lichen

Fruticose Lichens

Fingerlinke Lichens

Medulla

Within the thallus of lichens

The part where hyphae is grown around algal cells

Rhizines (Holdfast)

Within the thallus (body) of lichens

The hyphae projecitons below the body

Cortex

Within the thallus (body) of lichens

Protective coating over the algal layer

Purpose of lichens

Algae produce carbohydrates

Fungi provides holdfast

Produces dyes, is Antimicrobial (Usnic Acid from Usnea), Litmus and Food for Herbivores

Algae

Protista

Eukaryotic

Unicellular or multicellular/filamentous

Photo-autotrophs

Lack roots, stems or leaves

Mostly aquatic but need water

Algae vegetative structures

Thallus and Pneumocyst

Thallus

Body of multicellular algae

Consists of holdfasts, stipes and blades

Cells covering the thallus do photosynthesis

Absorb nutrients or water over entire surface

Pneumocyst

Floating gas filled bladder provides buoyancy

Algae Life Cycle

Reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Reproduce sexually via alternation of generations

Algae nutrition

Photosynthetic

Chlorophyll a and accessory pigments responsible for its color

Oomycotes are chemoheterotrophic

Brown algae

Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls

Chlorophyll a and Fucoxanthin (brown)

Produces algin (thickener)

Red algae

Chlorophyll a and Phycoerythrin (red)

Branched

Used to make agar and carrageenan

Green algae

Cellulose cell walls

Unicellular/multicellular

Chlorophyll a and b

Gave rise to terrestrial plants

Diatoms

Pectin and silica cell walls

Unicellular or filamentous

Stores oil

Causes neurological disease

Dinoflagellates

Cellulose in plasma membrane

Unicellular

Component of plankton

Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish

Oomycota

Water mold

Cellulose cell walls

Chemoheterotrophic

Produce zoospores

Decomposers and plant parasites

Algae roles

Fixes CO2 into organic molecules

Produces 80% fo Earth’s O2

Produces oil

Animal symbionts

Creates Algal blooms (increase in planktonic algae) that can be toxic

Protozoa

Unicellular eukaryotes

In water and soil

Animal-like nutrition (trophozoite

Can cause disease

Asexual reproduction via fission, budding or schizogony

Sexual reproduction via conjugation

Food digested in vacuoles and waste in eliminated through an anal pore

Flagellates

Classification of protozoa

Using flagella and an undulating membrane

ex. Giardia, Trichomonas, Typanosoma

Amoeboids

Classification of protozoa

Movement via the extension of false feet

ex. Amoeba, Entamoeba, acanthamoeba and balamuthia

Apicomplexa

Classification of protozoa

Nonmotile

Obligate parasites

Complex life cycles

ex. Toxoplasma and plasmodium

Ciliates

Move using cilia

ex. Paramecium and balantidium coli

Cellular slime molds

Resemble amoeba

Cells aggregate to form stalks and spore caps that differentiate into spores

Plasmodial slime molds

Mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei

Move as a giant amoeba
Uses cytoplasmic streaming, where the protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction

Helminths

Parasitic worms

Multicellular and eukaryotic

specialized to live in host

Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

Reduced nervous system, reduced/lacking locomotion and may lack a digestive system

Complex reproductive system

Dioecious (separate male and female) and Monoecious (male + female reproductive systems in one animal)

Trematodes

Platyhelminths

Flat, lead shaped

Ventra and oral sucker

Absorb food through a cuticle covering

ex. paragonimus and schistosoma

Cestodes

Platyhelminths

Scolex - head that has suckers for attachment

Absorb food through a. cuticle

Proglottids - body segments that contain male and female reproductive organs

Definitive hosts

When humans harbor the adult, sexually reproducing worms

Eggs are ingested, hatch into larvae and bore into the intestinal wall

ex. taenia solium

Intermediate hosts

When the eggs are ingested and hatch into the intestine

The larvae migrate to the liver or lungs and develop a hydratid cyst

ex. Echinococcus granulosus

Nematodes

Roundworm

Cylindrical, have a complete digestive system

Dioecious, males have spicules

Free-living and parasitic

Growing animal viruses in embryonated eggs

Virus injected into the eggs

Virus growth is signaled by changes or death of the embryo

Used to grow viruses

Growing animal viruses in cell cultures

Tissues are treated with enzymes to separate cells

Cells are suspended in a nutrient solution and then adhere to the container, and reproduce, forming a monolayer

Viruses infecting the monolayer are deetected via the visible changes or deterioration of the onolayer cells, known as the cytopathic effect (CPE)

Lytic cycle

Phage causes lysis and death of the host cell

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release

Lysogenic cycle

Phage DNA is incorporated into the host DNA

Remains dormant as a prophage

Phage conversion/Specialized transduction

Lytic cycle attachment phase

Phage attaches by the tail fiber to the host cell

Lytic cycle penetration phase

Phage lysozyme opens the cell wall

Tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

Lytic cycle biosynthesis phase

Production of phage DNA and proteins

host cell protein synthesis is halted

Lytic cell maturation phase

Assembly of phage particles

Lytic cell release phase

Phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall

Lysogenic cycle stages

Phage DNA incorporated into the host cell DNA

iInserted phage DNA known as a prophage

When the host cell replicates its chromosome, it replicate the prophage dna

Prophage DNA remains latent

Phage conversion

When the host cell exhibits new properties

Steps of the multiplication of Animal viruses

Attachment, entry, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation and release by budding (enveloped) or rupture (nonenveloped)

Multiplication of Animal Viruses (Attachment)

Viruses attach to the cell membrane

Multiplication of Animal Viruses (Entry)

Through receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

Multiplication of Animal Viruses (Uncoating)

Separating the viral nucliec acid from its capsid by viral or host enzymesB