Semester 1 Latin Grammar Rules

Apposition

two nouns that refer to the same thing are going to be in the same case

Noun-adjective agreement

both the noun and the adjective are in the same case, number, and gender

Reliquus, medius, ceterus, etc

Adjectives that refer to part of the noun

Partitive genitive

Genitives of nos and vos ending in -um

Objective genitive

Genitives of nos and vos ending in -ī

Suī, sibi, sē, sē, suus

Used to refer to the subject of the sentence

Possessive adjective

used for possession rather than the genitive pronoun

Possessive adjective + genitive noun

Used to further describe the adjective

What does a relative pronoun agree with?

Its antecedent in gender and number

What does the case of a relative pronoun depend on?

Its use in the relative clause

Subject-verb agreement

Conjugated verbs have the same number and person as its subject

What do adverbs modify?

Verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

How are simple yes/no questions formed?

Adding a -ne to the end of the first word (usually)

What answer does a question including the word "nonne" expect?

Yes

What answer does a question including the word "num" expect?

No

What case is the subject of the verb in?

The nominative case

What case is used for direct address?

The vocative case

For a noun to limit or define another noun, what case should it be in?

The genitive case

What case is used to show the person/thing that possesses something else?

The genitive case

What case is used to show the material/substance that something is made from?

The genitive case

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"Iūno, rēgīna deōrum, ex aulā exit"

(Juno, queen of the gods, leaves the palace)

Rule 1: Apposition - Iūno and rēgīna are both nominative because they refer to the same thing

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"Cicerō villās pulchrās habet"

(Cicero has beautiful houses)

Rule 2: Noun-adjective agreement - villās and pulchrās are both plural, feminine, and accusative.

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"in summā undā"

(In the highest part of the wave)

Rule 3: Some adjectives describe part of their noun - summa is describing only the highest part of the wave, not the whole thing.

Partitive genitive

Genitive used after words denoting a part

Which type of genitive, partitive or objective, does this sentence demonstrate?

"ūnus quisque nostrum"

(Each one of us)

Partitive genitive

Objective genitive

Genitive acting as an object after certain nouns

Which type of genitive, partitive or objective, does this sentence demonstrate?

"metus vestrī"

(The fear of you all)

Objective genitive

What is a reflexive pronoun?

A pronoun that bends back to the subject

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"ego mē specto”

(I look at myself)

Rule 5: The third person reflexive pronoun

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"hic est liber meus"

"hic est liber meus"

(This is my book)

Rule 6: Possessive adjective - instead of using the genitive pronoun meī, the sentence uses the possessive adjective to show ownership

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"suum ipsīus regnum"

(His own kingdom)

Rule 7: possessive adjective + genitive noun - suus further describes the adjective ipsīus

Antecedent

the word that the pronoun refers to

Relative clause

the clause of the relative pronoun

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"O Rēgīna, cuī Iuppiter dedit nōvam urbem..."

(O Queen, to whom Jupiter has given a new city...)

Rule 8: case, number, and gender of the relative pronoun - cuī and rēgīna are both singular, because rēgīna is the antecedent, and since rēgīna is the indirect object of dedit, it is put into the dative case

What rule is this sentence an example of?

"tū sedēs"

(you sit)

Rule 9: subject verb agreement - the ending of sedēs changes to reflect the 2nd person singular subject of tū

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"loquere audacter patrī"

(speak boldly to your father)

Rule 10: what adverbs modify - audacter modifies the imperative loquere, describing how/in what way to speak

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"estne mendax?"

(is he a liar?)

Rule 11: yes or no questions - by adding the -ne to the end of est, the sentence becomes a yes or no question

What rule is this sentence an example of?

"nōnne animadvertis?"

(do you not notice?)

Rule 12: nōnne and num - the word nōnne in the sentence indicates that the question expects the answer "yes"

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"puer arcessītus est"

(the boy was summoned)

Rule 13: the nominative case - the nominative controls the verb, so when the subject is changed, the verb is also changed

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"nōn amō tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē"

(I don't love you, Sabidius, and I can't say why.)

Rule 14: the vocative case - Sabidī is in the vocative case because he is the direct address of the poem

What rule does this sentence demonstrate?

"inimīcī Caesaris"

(the enemies of Caesar)

Rule 15: the basics of the genitive case - Caesaris is in the genitive because these are not just any enemies, but enemies of Caesar

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"liber Alexandrī"

(the book of Alexander/Alexander's book)

Rule 16: the genitive of possession - Alexandrī is in the genitive case because the book belongs to him

Which rule is this sentence an example of?

"flūmina nectāris"

(rivers of nectar)

Rule 17: genitive of material - nectāris is in the genitive because it describes what the river is made of/consists of