exam revision

Cell

Cell

A living organism and the basic building block of all living things, consisting of parts like the nucleus, midbrain, cell wall, nucleus membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA.

Cell Theory

States that cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things, all organisms are composed of more than one cell, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Prokaryote

Organisms made of a single prokaryotic cell, like bacteria and Archaea, with a simple structure lacking a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cell

More complex cells with DNA enclosed in a nucleus, found in organisms like plants and animals.

Organelle

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions, like the nucleus, ribosome, vesicle, and mitochondria.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells, produced through cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and sugar for energy.

Plasma Membrane

The boundary of living cells that regulates substance movement, made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across the membrane without energy, including diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement of particles against a concentration gradient through the membrane.

Cell Cycle

The series of events a cell goes through from interphase to mitosis, including growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that eliminates faulty or infected cells through a controlled process.

Disrupting the Cell Cycle

Failure in the control mechanism of the cell cycle can lead to abnormal development or tumor formation.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells with self-renewal and potency properties, categorized into embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and totipotent stem cells.

Adult stem cells

Stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow and epithelial cells that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types to aid in repair and replacement.

Germ layers

Layers formed during gastrulation from the blastocyst, where stem cells differentiate into specific cell types for the development of tissues and organs.