Higher chemistry - unit 2

Natures chemistry

A saturated molecule is defined as

a compound containing only single carbon-carbon bonds.

A unsaturated molecule is defined as

a compound containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

Compounds containing carbon to carbon double bonds can take part in

Addition reactions .

In addition reactions

two molecules combine to form a single molecule..

How can orange bromine solution be used to distinguish between an saturated and a unsaturated molecule?

An unsaturated molecule or compound will quickly decolourise the bromine solution.

Isomers are

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. They may also belong to a different homologous series and usually have different physical properties.

The solubility, boiling point and volatility (ease of evaporation) of a compound can be predicted by (H)

The presence of O-H or N-H bonds, which implies hydrogen bonding

The solubility, boiling point and volatility (ease of evaporation) of a compound can be predicted by (Spatial)

The spatial arrangements of polar covalent bonds which could result in a molecule possessing a permanent dipole.

The solubility, boiling point and volatility (ease of evaporation) of a compound can be predicted by (LDF)

The molecular size which would affect the London Dispersion Forces

The solubility, boiling point and volatility (ease of evaporation) of a compound can be predicted by ( solubility)

The polarities of soluble and solvent. Polar or Ionic compounds tend to be soluble in polar solvents, Non-polar compounds tend to be soluble in non-polar solvents.

Solubility, boiling points and volatility can be explained in terms of

type and strength of intermolecular forces present.

An alcohol is a molecule

containing a hydroxyl functional group, -OH group.

Straight-chain and branched alcohols can be systematically named

indicating the position of the hydroxyl group from the structural formulae containing no more than eight carbon atoms in their longest chain.

A molecular formula can be written or a structural formula drawn from

the systematic name of a straight-chain or branched alcohols can that contains no more than eight carbon atoms in its longest chains.

What are the three classified as

primary, secondary or tertiary.

A primary alcohol is

when the -OH molecules is attached to a carbon which has two hydrogen molecules attached too

A secondary alcohol

is when the -OH group is attached to a carbon with only one hydrogen atoms attached

A tertiary alcohol

Is when the -OH group is attached to a carbon with no hydrogen atoms attached.

An alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups called

Diols

An alcohol containing three hydroxyl group are called

Triols

The hydroxyl groups within an alcohol

makes the molecule polar, which in turn gives rise to hydrogen bonding

The boiling point, melting point, viscosity and solubility/ miscibility in water of alcohols can be explained in terms of

hydrogen bonding.