BIO122 BLOOD + CHOLESTEROL

how much blood in humans

5.5 liters

components of plasma

90-92% water, 8-10% dissolved elements

components of formed elements (45%)

99.9% RBCs, 0.1% platelets and WBCs

albumins (60%)(part of 7% of plasma proteins of plasma)

osmotic pressure

globulins (35%)(part of 7% of plasma proteins of plasma)

defense and transport of lipids

fibrinogen (4%)(part of 7% of plasma proteins of plasma)

component of clotting system, soluble form of fibrin, can be converted to insoluble fibrin

regulatory proteins (<1%)(part of 7% of plasma proteins of plasma)

enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

electrolytes (part of 1% other solutes of plasma)

ECF ions needed for osmotic pressure

organic nutrients (part of 1% other solutes of plasma)

used for ATP production

organic wastes (part of 1% other solutes of plasma)

carried to sites of excretion; ex: urea, uric acid, bilirubin

leukocytes (WBCs)

defends the body against pathogens

diapedisis

ability of WBCs to move in and out of blood vessels

amoeboid motion

WBCs' ability to crawl to site of inflammation

'agranulocytes

leukocytes that have spherical, oval, or kidney shaped nuclei and no granules; ex: lymphocytes, monocytes

'granulocytes

leukocytes that have peculiarly shaped nuclei and granules; ex: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

‘basophils

mediates inflammatory and allergic responses

lymphocytes

immune response

'leukopenia

low WBC count, may indicate leukemia, tuberculosis (TB), measles. needs antibiotics

'what non disease exposures may be indicated by the presence of leukopenia

excessive antibiotics

'leukocytosis

high WBC count, due to bacteria infection, metabolic disease, or hemorrhage

'leukemia

cancer of lymphoid tissue, due to high WBCs count, low RBC and platelet count

'leukocytes wander through the body by ___ to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction

ameboid motion

'___ indicates a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

anemia

'what percentage of the leukocyte population do basophils make up

<1%

'what percentage of the leukocyte population do eosinophils make up?

2-4%

'eosinophils

kills parasitic worms

'T lymphocytes

destroys tumors, cell-mediated immunity

'B lymphocytes

antibody production, humoral immunity

'what cells can B lymphocytes differentiate into

plasma cells and memory B cells

'what percentage of the leukocyte population do lymphocytes make up?

20-40%

'what percentage of the leukocyte population do monocytes make up?

3-8%

'monocytes

active phagocytosis

'what percentage of the leukocyte population do neutrophils make up?

50-70%

'neutrophils

active phagocytosis

'what are the two types of lymphocytes

B and T lymphocytes

'spheres of hemoglobin surrounded by lipids with the capacity to carry oxygen are called ___

neohemocytes

'where do b cells/lymphocytes differentiate

bone marrow

'what is the fibrous outer covering of the lymph node called

capsule

'what are the two main constituents of whole blood

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

'thrombin

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

'prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to ___

thrombin

'TF3, PF3, clotting factors, and calcium form

prothrombin activator

'what percentage of the blood is composed of formed elements?

45%

'what percentage of the blood is composed of plasma

55%

'what percentage of plasma is composed of water

90%

'plasma cells

produces antibodies/immunoglobulins

'platelets release ___ during coagulation

PF3 (platelet factor 3)

'platelets

helps with clotting, seals tears in blood vessels

'approximately how many platelets are found per mm^3 of blood

250,000 to 400,000 per mm^3

'what are the formed elements of blood

erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets, leukocytes (WBCs)

'megakaryocytes

large multinucleate cells formed in the bone marrow from which platelets develop

'injured tissue releases ___ during coagulation

tissue factor

'what is the normal range of RBC count in an anemic female

<4.3 million per mm^3

'what is the normal range of RBC count in an anemic male

<4.5 million per mm^3

'what is the normal range of RBC count in a healthy female

4.3-5.4 x 10^6 per mm^3

'what is the normal range of RBC count in a healthy male

4.5-6.0 x 10^6 per mm^3

'what is the range of total leukocytes in a healthy person

4,800 to 10,800 per mm^3

'what is the percentage of the american population with type A blood

39%

'what is the percentage of the american population with type AB blood

4%

'what is the percentage of the american population with type B blood

12%

'what is the percentage of the american population with type O blood

45%

name one function of HDL cholesterol

removes cholesterol from cells and delivers it back to the liver

'bleeding time

amount of time it takes to stop bleeding, should be 0-7 minutes

'blood clotting

protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured

'blood smear purpose

look for abnormalities in blood cells

'what is the normal life span of RBCs

100-120 days

'what is the main oxygen carrier of RBCs

hemoglobin

99.9% RBCs

have sacs of hemoglobin, which function in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. shape of biconcave disc, large surface to volume ratio, its shape allows for stacking, degenerates in 100-120 days, and is recycled in the spleen, 4-6 million mm^3

anemia

decreased number of RBCs

'polycythemia

overproduction of RBCs due to a low oxygen environment

'erythroblastosis fetalis

hemolytic disease of newborns. Rh- mother carrying a Rh+ child bc father is Rh+. Rh+ from the fetus spreads throughout the mother's body and then the mother would produce anti-Rh+ antibodies. if the mother has another Rh+ fetus, her anti-Rh+ antibodies will cross the placenta and damage the RBCs of the fetus

'treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis

transfuse the Rh+ fetus with donated Rh- blood

'factor affecting local blood supply to the skin

oxygen supply

what are blood tests for

diagnosing diseases, complete blood counts (CBC)

complete blood counts (CBC)

counts and measures RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

hematocrits

measures percentage of RBCs in total blood count, examined by centrifugation

sedimentation rate

speed at which RBCs settle

'hemostatis

blood clotting

'hemocytoblast

stem cell for all blood cell formation

'hemocytometry

counting of cells

'hemocytometer

slide used to count RBCs, has arrays and grids

'during which blood activity were tubes used to measure PCV?

hematocrit tubes

normal value in hematocrit

47±7%, 42±5%

what is blood type determined by

the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens)

what are the antigens

A, B, and Rh (D)

agglutinins

antibodies/immunoglobulins in the plasma; ex: IgM

ABO system

type A, B, AB, and O blood

what is the universal recipient and universal donor

AB+ is a universal recipient, and O- is a universal donor since it doesn't have antigens A, B, or Rh

Rh (D) antigen

only individuals that are Rh+ have the antigen. people with Rh- don't

'fluosol

a type of artificial blood, capable of carrying twice as much oxygen as blood

'a donor with type AB blood can donate blood to which blood type recipient?

AB

'a donor with type A blood can donate blood to which blood type recipient?

A and AB

'a donor with type B blood can donate blood to which blood type recipient?

B and AB

'a donor with type O blood can donate blood to which blood type recipient?

O, A, B, and AB

'blood typing

system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the surface of RBCs

'a person with type O agglutinogens has which type of agglutinins in their blood

anti A and anti B

'a recipient with type B blood cannot receive blood from a donor with which blood type

A, AB

'a recipient with type A blood cannot receive blood from a donor with which blood type

B, AB

'a recipient with type O blood can receive blood from a donor with which blood type

O

'a recipient with type AB blood can receive blood from a donor with which blood type

A, B, AB, O