psych learning test

acquisition

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

associative learning

any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus

aversive conditioning

when a negative reinforcement (aversive stimulus) disincentivizes repetition of an undersirable behavior

example of aversive conditioning

putting gross-tasting nail polish to prevent the habit of biting nails

behaviorism

belief that there is no significant differences across species, behavior is learned, and anti-mentalism: should be measure what we can observe

classical conditioning

stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

continuous reinforcement

the desired response is reinforced every time that it occurs

extinction

the diminished conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus

fixed-interval schedule

reinforces the first response after a constant amount of time

example of a fixed-interval schedule

getting paid after every two hours you teach

example of a fixed-ratio schedule

getting paid for every five items that you make

fixed-ratio schedule

completion of a constant number of responses

insight learning

solving a problem using sudden understanding or realization

instinctive drift

instinctive (innate) tendencies interfering with learning

intermittent reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not reinforced

latent learning

learning that is only exhibited at a later date

ex. of latent learning

a child learning a word but not using it until a week later

law of Effect

the idea that actions followed by reinforcers = continued behavior and that actions followed by punishers = stopping the behavior

modeling

learning by imitating others; copying behavior

negative punishment

an appetitive stimulus (something that you do like) being taken away as a consequence of the behavior

example of a negative punishment

getting your car (something that you like) taken for speeding

negative reinforcement

removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response; taking away the thing that you don't like to make you do the desired behavior

example of negative reinforcement

taking away a test that was scheduled because everyone did good on the test

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

observational learning

learning by observing others

operant conditioning/instrumental learning

the organism's behavior is instrumental in producing an environmental change; organisms behavior leads to consequences which influences behavior

positive punishment

an aversive stimulus (something that you don't like) being presented as a consequence of a behavior

example of a positive punishment

getting a ticket (something you don't like) for speeding

positive reinforcement

presenting a rewarding stimulus after a response

example of positive reinforcement

clapping (applause) for a person after they volunteered to do an activity

prosocial effects

voluntary actions that benefit others

example of prosocial effects

volunteering, donating, sharing

antisocial effects

actions that violate social norms

example of antisocial effects

theft, vandalism, bullying, violence

shaping

reinforces guide to behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal

example of shaping

breaking down the steps of how to tie a show to a child

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause; this suggests that extinction suppresses the conditioned response rather than extinguishes it

stimulus discrimination

the learned ability between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not signal a response

stimulus generalization

once a response has been conditioned, the tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

example of stimulus generalization

the conditioned stimulus is a certain white seal so now you are afraid of all white seals

token economy

a system based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

variable-interval schedule

reinforces the first response after a changing amount of time

example of a variable-interval schedule

getting paid after completing different amounts of time teaching

variable-ratio schedule

completion of a changing number of responses

example of variable-ratio schedule

getting paid after making differing amounts of items

primary reinforcer

things that are in themselves rewarding

example of a primary reinforcer

running, drinking water, eating food

secondary reinforcer

things we have learned to value

example of a secondary reinforcer

money

Albert Bandura's view

explored observational learning in kids and observed whether these behaviors are reinforced or punishments