Untitled Flashcards Set

Confucianism

A philosophical system that emphasized ethics, family loyalty, and respect for authority, which justified Song China's rule.

Abbasid Caliphate

An Islamic empire that existed from 750 to 1258, known for its achievements in culture, science, and trade, which began to decline leading to new Islamic political entities.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, significantly facilitated by expanding trading routes.

Mongol Empire

The largest land-based empire in history, which arose in the 13th century under Genghis Khan and facilitated an interconnected Afro-Eurasia.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that expanded and developed through the use of gunpowder technology, significantly during 1450 to 1750.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, foods, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, which led to significant cultural and economic changes.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that emphasizes government regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition, which inspired reforms and revolutions.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization from the late 18th to the early 19th century that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.

Transoceanic trade

Trade routes crossing the oceans, particularly significant between Europe and the Americas from the 15th century onwards.

Resistance

The opposition by colonized and enslaved peoples against the political, economic, and cultural imposition of their colonizers.

Feudalism

A social system prevalent in medieval Europe where the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service.

Bureaucracy

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Trade networks

Complex systems of trade routes that connected various cultures and facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technology.

Social hierarchy

A system of organization in society where individuals or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.