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Why does John Porter describe Canada as a mosaic?

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\-Canada is not a land of equal opportunity

\-It is a mosaic of different cultures and groups

\-People within a group tend to be stuck in their hierarchal position (different occupational groups, class, and economic status)

Occupational differentiation

clustering of ethnic groups in particular jobs

Occupational stratification

\-jobs are stratified as good/bad or low/high wage

\-race and ethnicity influence occupational situation

Economic immigrants

Immigrants selected on the basis of skilled work, self-employment, business class, or provincial/territorial nominees

How did changes to the live-in caregiver program reduce immigration?

\-reduced the number of women coming to Canada to work as caregivers

\-Government attempted to improve the abuse and mistreatment faced by immigrant caregivers but ended up reducing the number of women that came to Canada

Systemic discrimination in Canadian immigration policy

historical attempts to block immigration of racialized groups

Head tax

\-fee Chinese immigrants had to pay to immigrate to Canada

\-initially 50 dollars, then increased to 500

Introduction of points system in 1967 (goals and problems)

\-reduced racial and gender discrimination

\-admit people based on education and language skills

\-still biased as many cannot afford education

\-has allowed people to come and work but not able to stay

"Brain-drain"

\-idea that Canada benefits from admitting highly educated immigrants without having to invest in them

\-Canadians receive education and training and then emigrate to a country where they will be paid more

Concept of 'desirable' immigrants

Recruit immigrants from European countries with desirable languages (preference from British and American immigrants)

Transitional bachelor communities

\-when minority labour was needed families and wives were discouraged from coming

\-typically immigrant men working in prairies

Immigration trend after WW2

immigration increased

Women working as "domestics"

\-women from Caribbean and West Indies hired to work as domestics

\-came to work temporarily in people's homes

"transnational mothering"

\-female migrant workers who have left behind their families to work

\-endure family separation and grief due to economic pressures

Downward social mobility

movement down the social class ladder

Downward social mobility of immigrant workers

\-foreign credentials are not recognized in Canada so they have to work in a different field (such as service sector)

\-their labour market success continues to decline and many face poverty

\-many employers demand Canadian work experience

Challenges faced by newcomer women

\-unemployment rate is higher for university educated women than men due to caregiving roles

\-caregiving roles intensify after immigration; lose childcare because they can't afford regulated care and dont have family

Children of immigrants

\-higher rates of poverty

\-leave behind comfortable lifestyle

\-parents make sacrifices, but still live in poverty

Have any cities granted voting rights to non-citizens?

no

Idea of granting voting rights to non-citizens

\-Montreal has considered it

\-Participation in municipal elections is low, but higher in federal; debated that extension would encourage voting and representation

\-would give voice to minority groups

\-argued that because they pay taxes and contribute to the economy they should be allowed to vote

Why are women less likely to hold a place in parliament

\-caregiving roles

\-many positions are inherited

\-less likely to run for office

\-less likely to be selected (typically run in ridings where the opposite party is voted for)

Justin Trudeau's pledge for gender parity

resulted in 52% representation of women in the federal cabinet

Treatment of asylum seekers in Canada

\-adults can be placed in jails

\-detainment and isolation

\-face abuse and mistreatment

\-racialized individuals are held for longer periods of time

\-develop trauma, suicidal thoughts

\-separated from children

\-disabled individuals face hard conditions

Canada and asylum inspection policy

\-Canada has not signed the United Nations optional protocol to prevent violations of human rights in asylums

\-they are not open to inspection to see if detainees are treated humanely

Asylum inspection in European countries

\-allowed inspections

\-detainees are interviewed privately so they are not afraid to speak up

\-if inhuman treatment is discovered, it is reported to authorities

\-if detention centre refuses inspection, they will go public

How does Canada benefit from migrant workers?

\-they do low wage jobs, contribute to the economy, pay taxes

\-take undesirable jobs

The West Indian Domestic Scheme (1955)

\-Program in which Caribbean women with no dependents and at least a grade 8 education came to Canada to work as domestics

\-increased black immigration post-WW2

\-Female immigrants had to work 1 year as a domestic before moving into other fields to tackle need for domestic work in Canada

The Foreign Domestic Movement (1981)

\-allowed foreign domestics who have worked in Canada for 2 years to apply for immigrant status

\-required women to live with their employer

\-difficult criteria to apply

\-did not guarantee immigrant status

The Live-in Caregiver Program (1992)

\-Modification of FDM

\-required a higher level of education

\-less pay

\-did not have to take upgrading courses, have savings or volunteer work

\-had to work as a live caregiver for 2 years

\-workers faced exploitation

Application for Foreign Domestic Movement Program

\-evaluated based on demand for their occupation

\-had to take upgrading courses

\-required volunteer work

\-had to have savings (problem because many live pay check to pay check)

Exploitation of workers in live-in caregiver program

\-separated from family

\-abused by workers

\-not given privacy

\-not guaranteed food

\-employers may not give them a full two years

\-may not be given a place to live on weekends

\-unable to take breaks

\-perpetuates women role as caregivers

Problems with live-in caregivers treatment of children

\-better to allow people who have an interest in childcare to take this position

\-does not ensure adequate care of children

\-caregivers are not paid enough which may reflect their quality of work

Limitations of Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program

\-tied to a single employer on contract

\-cannot work elsewhere

\-largely male-dominated to prevent having to provide co-ed housing

Agricultural workers and accessing EI

\-not eligible for full range of EI despite paying into it (do not meet minimum earnings, or cannot say they are looking for work)

\-must work 4-6 years before accessing disability benefits

\-Cannot stay unless they work for 1 year or marry a Canadian citizens

\-EI and sick benefits only count when they are in Canada

how did provinces try to help migrant farm workers?

\-2017 Ontario created a program to allow migrant workers to apply for permanent residence

\-lowered the language and education requirements

\-admits participants to work for 8 months

Labour shortages in agricultural industry

\-Canadians do not want to take these jobs because they are physically taxing and low paying

\-benefits Canadians as it keeps cost of food low

\-Farms are short on employees

When is homicide most likely in a relationship

\-history of domestic violence

\-termination of a relationship

2021 changes to the Divorce Act

\-broadens definition of abuse

\-acknowledges 4 types of violence

\-highlights need to protect children from parental conflict

4 types of violence

1. coercive/controlling violence
2. violent resistance
3. situational violence
4. separation-instigated violence

coercive controlling violence

forms of violence where a pattern of multiple strategies is used to seek power and control over the other person

\-emotional or physical abuse

violent resistance

partner forcibly fights back against intimate terrorism/self defence

situational violence

violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger; inability to control anger

Separation Instigated Violence

* Occurs first during separation, not during the relationship.
* Risk for moderate to severe

is divorce harmful to children?

not necessarily harmful, exposure to parental conflict is more harmful

Sociological perspective on crime

highlights issues related to race, social class, gender, and other variables

Family violence

emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another; younger people are most vulnerable

\-represents a significant amount of all violent crime in Canada

Why are infants and children more vulnerable to abuse?

\-unable to speak or defend themselves

\-face physical and sexual abuse

\-shaken baby syndrome due to stress

Victimization of young children

\-overrepresented as victims of sexual assault

\-likely to be victimized by someone they know

\-younger=higher probability of being victimized by a family member

\-80% of sexual assault victims are female

Elder abuse

\-common, but underreported

\-victimized by spouse or older children

\-older males commonly victimize wives

\-elders do not contact police due to language barriers or fear of family member being arrested

Why do adult children abuse elders?

\-caregiver burnout

\-learned behaviour from parents

Why do immigrant women not report crimes?

\-fear losing immigration status

\-fear community will not support them

\-worry the police are racist and will mistreat their partner if they are detained

Who is most likely to be a victim of spousal victimization? Why?

\-women

\-they are more likely to be reliant on their spouse

\-may not have the economic support to leave

\-young women face the highest rates of victimization

Who is most responsible for spousal violence?

\-males

\-particularly among unemployed males

\-Males are most likely to kill female partners

Why do men practice violence?

\-breadwinning and occupational success

\-masculinity

\-use violence to express masculinity

\-masculinity contributes to lethal violence and history of domestic violence offences

Risk factors for domestic violence for women

\-younger females are more at risk than older females

\-higher among cohabiting couples than those that are legally married

Why is violence higher among new couples?

\-stress of new relationships

\-lower income

\-may not be legally married

How did police deal with domestic violence cases prior to domestic violence courts?

\-police did not interfere and would not arrest offenders

\-believed that the family is private and police had no right to violate privacy

Recidivism

the act of repeating an offence (repeated criminal behaviour)

How has treatment of criminal offenders changed?

\-therapeutic approach; providing counselling, support for mental health and addiction

When is recidivism lowest?

First time offenders directed into counselling

Why do women not testify against male partners?

economic dependency for themselves and children

Examples of overrepresented groups in domestic violence courts

young people, low income, indigenous people, unemployed, people of social assistance, low education

Which group is most overrepresented in isolation units

Indigenous groups

Why are indigenous people overrepresented in the criminal justice system?

\-socioeconomic disadvantages harm children and cause them to be more likely to do crime in the future

\-economic deprivation affects health and upbringing

Restorative justice

attempts to fix overrepresentation by allowing indigenous offenders rehabilitation through involvement with indigenous communities and culture

Sentencing circles

a type of sentencing in which victims, family members, community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and reasonable sanctions that are ultimately aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community and reduce recidivism

Problems with sentencing circles

\-no evidence that they reduce recidivism

\-does not appropriately deal with intimate partner violence

\-offenders should not have a say in their sentencing

\-should not have offenders and victims in close proximity

\-communities may not have the resources to provide rehabilitation

Intergenerational trauma

Social issues faced by indigenous people

\-poverty

\-lack of education

\-lack of employment opportunities

\-lack of access to mental health services

\-lack of access to drinking water

\-food insecurity

\-addiction services

\-nutritious food

\-substandard housing

Mental health crisis among indigenous people

\-high rates of mental health issues among young indigenous children

\-linked to substance abuse and suicide

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls

\-included forensic analysis, witness accounts from families and survivors,

\-provided funding and support for victims family

\-showed how criminal justice system does not value indigenous women lives

Trend of crime among men and women and ages

\-highest among young men

\-declines as men age

Who are men most likely to be victimized by

other men

Who are women most likely to be victimized by

men they are in a relationship with

Why are BIPOC individuals more likely to be arrested

they are surveillenced more

Do other variables contribute to BIPOC individuals being carded by police

Evidence has shown that class, education, drug use, criminal activity, criminal record DO NOT affect police contact with racialized individuals

Conflict perspective

approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society

Conflict perspective and criminal justice system

those with economic and political power can avoid prosecution

Street Crime vs. Suite Crime

\-idea that policing is geared toward street crime than white-collar crime

\-ignore tax evasion, environmental crimes, unsafe working conditions, anti-trust activity, price fixing

\-police do not detect crimes that high class people engage in as they have methods to avoid prosecution

price fixing

an agreement among firms to charge one price for the same good (all agree to increase to make profit)

anti-trust laws

laws that encourage competition in the marketplace

Medical model of health

looks at genetic predisposition and hereditary factors, physical health, nutrition and exercise, mental health in psychological explanations

How do sociologists view health

health and illness are shaped by a larger social context

Durkheim's study of suicide

the more strongly anchored an individual is to society, the less likely they are to commit suicide

(low or extreme solidarity= increased suicide)

Medical interpretation of post-partem depression

caused by factors such as physical exhaustion post labour, changing hormone levels

which impact brain chemistry, chronic sleep deprivation

Sociological perspective of post partum depression

argues that there is a relationship between if a new mother has support from parent or partner,

their rates of post-partum depression are lower (social factors play a role)

Social determinants of health

social class, race, and gender and how these connect to: food insecurity,

employment conditions, housing, access to social support and a social safety net, and access to health services

(hospitals, physicians)

Problems with health care system in an aging population

Chronic illness and longer hospital stays are more common but hospitals do not have the space; better suited for palliative care, long

term care and home care, but these are not funded • Expansion of compassionate care program reflects need to expand on caring for an aging population • This is why problem of caregiver stress is increasing • Chronic illness needs more wide range support over long period of time which our healthcare system is not able to deal with

Problems with medical coverage in Canada

\-patients have to pay for alternative medicine themselves

\-prescriptions only covered for those with a workplace health care place or on social assistance

\-limited funding for mental health services

\-limited funding for home care

How does socioeconomic status affect the health of infants?

\-low socioeconomic status have less access to prenatal care

\-lower life expectancy, disability rates are higher, disease is higher, mental health issues are more prevalent

Government funded IVF

\-when government was funding IVF, people would implant multiple embryos leading to multiple births

\-was costly to provide prenatal care/ICU for premature babies

\-policy changed so IVF was offered for only single births

Environmental racism

\-exposure to chemicals that have health effects

\-work in low class jobs/hazardous

\-live near landfills and power plants

\-hazards like chemical spills, mercury

Chronic stress among low socioeconomic status groups

\-food insecurity and economic status may cause long term stress which can be detrimental to health

\-may reach for unhealthy coping mechanisms

Trend of health status upon immigration

recent immigrants have better health than older immigrants; health declines over time (downward social mobility)

multiple jeopardy hypothesis

individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations (cumulative impact)

First Nations Triage scores issue

\-First Nations individuals were more likely to be given a higher triage score meaning that their condition was not an immediate concern

\-may be due to biases and communication barriers

\-have to wait longer

How does racial discrimination affect chronic disease risk?

\-connects to chronic stress

\-lack of physical activity

\-hypertension

\-discrimination in healthcare system

Barriers to healthcare

\-systemic racism

\-long wait times

\-healthcare is not in close proximity

Joyce's Principle

\-Joyce died in the hospital due to neglect and discrimination

\-Joyces principle involves demand for better care, training and education

\-support for indigenous students studying medicine

\-better access to social and medical services

\-has not been enacted

\-aims to improve healthcare for indigenous people

Jordan's Principle

\-Calls on all government institutions and departments to ensure that children's needs are met first and jurisdictional disputes are resolved later.

\-legal obligation to provide First Nations children with health care and social support

\-ensures best interest of the child, culturally appropriate services, best interest of the child

\-LEGAL OBLIGATION