Reproduction: Key Concepts in Animal Biology and Human Fertility

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26 Terms

1
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What is reproduction?

The process by which animals produce offspring.

2
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What are the primary functions of the reproductive systems?

To perpetuate species through sexual or germ cell fertilization and reproduction.

3
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Which three components coordinate the reproductive process?

The hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and gonads. These parts require tremendous coordination

4
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What is sexual reproduction?

The union of sperm and egg requiring two parents, resulting in offspring that are genetically diverse.

5
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What are the male and female sex cells called?

Male: Sperm; Female: Egg (Ovum).

6
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What is asexual reproduction?

Reproduction that occurs without sperm or egg, where one parent makes copies of itself, resulting in identical offspring.

7
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What is fertilization?

The process where sperm and egg unite to form a zygote, which is diploid and has DNA from both parents.

8
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What occurs during implantation?

The zygote attaches to the uterine lining, marking the official beginning of pregnancy.

9
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What is the difference between natural and artificial insemination?

Natural insemination occurs during mating, while artificial insemination involves collecting sperm and placing it in the female using equipment.

10
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What is gestation?

The time between conception and birth, during which the embryo/fetus develops in the uterus.

11
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What is parturition?

The process of giving birth, marking the end of pregnancy and the start of life outside the womb.

12
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What are gonads?

Sex organs that produce reproductive cells; testes in males and ovaries in females.

13
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What are gametes?

Reproductive cells; sperm in males and eggs (ova) in females.

14
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How does gestation length vary across species?

Smaller animals usually have shorter pregnancies, while larger animals have longer ones, influenced by the size and development needs of the offspring.

15
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Why is gestation length measured in days?

Days provide more accuracy for scientific, agricultural, and veterinary purposes compared to months. Some animals have a gestation period shorter than a month, and it allows for exact timing which allows farmers to prepare for births. 

16
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What is sexual classification in animals?

Grouping animals based on age and reproductive status, including terms for males, females, castrated animals, and young.

17
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Why do horses have numerous sexual classification terms?

Due to their long lifespan, different uses, and historical significance in farming and sport.

18
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in reproduction?

It acts as the control center in the brain, coordinating the reproductive process.

19
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What is the role of the pituitary gland in reproduction?

It serves as the messenger that releases hormones necessary for reproductive functions.

20
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What is the significance of the zygote being diploid?

It carries two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, ensuring genetic diversity.

21
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What happens if implantation does not occur?

The embryo will slough off during menstruation.

22
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What are some examples of organisms that reproduce asexually?

Bacteria, fungi, various plants, zebra sharks, boa constrictors, and starfish.

23
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What is the big idea behind sexual reproduction?

One sperm from the father joins with one egg from the mother to start a new life.

24
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What are the pros and cons of natural insemination?

Pros: Simple and low cost; Cons: Higher risk of disease and less control.

25
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What are the pros and cons of artificial insemination?

Pros: Safer with lower disease risk and allows selective breeding; Cons: More expensive and requires trained personnel and equipment.

26
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What is the sequence of events of reproduction?

Beginning with the development of the reproductive system in the embryo, After the animal is born and throughout its lifetime of growth and development, What occurs after copulation within the male and female reproductive tracts, Pregnancy and gestational periods, During and after lactation