Love & Relationships: Plato

shame, Achilles, boyfriend

Symp: Phaedrus’ speech - oldest god, lovers will behave better in front of boyfriends, so not to feel ____, Alcestis, Orpheus, ____ (most loved by gods because he died for his love and was also a ____ to a lover - more god-like)

virtue, common, body

Symp: Pausanias’ speech - older heavenly love - seeks young boys to curate ____ (wrong if for other reasons) and younger ____ love - seeks women and boys (____ over mind)

heavenly, harmony, impiety

Symp: Eryximachus’ speech - ____ love creates ____ (medicine, music,life) from divergence but violent love creates destruction and _____

3, Zeus, sex

Symp: Aristophanes’ speech - _ genders, split in half by ___, always looking for other half, want more than ___, but to be with that person forever

beautiful, young, pleasures

Symp: Agathon’s speech - Love is _____, and desires the beautiful, is ____ not old, is moderate because he tames ____ and is a poet

Agathon, beauty of language and phrasing + Gorgias, giving the appearance of praising Love, truth, Love is the love of something, desire to rettain that thing

Symp: Socrates responds to _____’s speech with ____ (held up Gorgon to turn audience to stone),

however argues that Agathon and the others were simply ‘______’ by giving it the best features

Here he then states that he cannot complete and thus will instead tell the ____

He then moves into questioning Agathon, that since a brother is a brother of someone, ____ and that Love is the love of something that we do not have (eg. a tall person wouldn’t desire to be tall) and if someone does have it now, then there is desire is _____

what you don’t have, what isn’t there and what you need / good things are beautiful / enabled Athenians to push back plague 10 years by advising on sacrifices / gods eternally hold the good but Love does not / interpret and carry messages from humans to gods…mediums for all divination

Symp: Socrates to Agathon - desire & Love is directed at _______

Therefore, if Love desires beauty, he mustn’t have beauty himself , in response to Agathon’s agreement states that it was ‘still a beautiful speech’ 

Paired with the understood idea that ______ then Love must desire to gain and keep the good & beautiful

Then moves into dialogue with Diotima (_____) - Socrates is shamed for believing that Love is beautiful and then that if he is not, then he must be ugly, however there is something in between (like knowing without being able to explain why) ,

In the same way, Love is not a god because ______ and thus is a spirit made to ________

Who came to beg as she does thought to gain resources by having a child with him / he’s always poor…tough with hardened skin…always in a state of need / desires knowledge…lifelong lover of wisdom / ignorant do not know that there is more to learn / ‘wisdom is one of the most beautiful things and Love is the lover of beauty’

Symp: Diotima dialogue - story of Love’s birth = feast for birth of Aphrodite, Resources drunk on nectar falls asleep in the garden and Poverty _____ - day of conception means he also followed Aph. born on same day (+ she is beautiful)

As a child of Poverty and Resources, _____ but schemes to get hold of beautiful and good things and so _____

As Love loves this too, he cannot be wise but is also ignorant because _____ - again in the middle, loves wisdom as _____

Why is love of beautiful things, he’ll be happy … and this form of love are common to all human beings and everyone wants good things to be his forever / every type of desire for good things or happiness is what constitutes ‘powerful and treacherous love’ …it’s only those whose enthusiasm is directed at one specific type who are described by the terminology … of love, loving and lovers

Symp: Diotima - Now moves onto ______ (Socrates says that this is to make it their own however is stumped when Diotima asks what they do with it then)

Changes line of thought to (substituting beautiful for good) why do we want good things, ____

Q. If everyone wants the good, then why aren’t everyone called lovers? - A. ______

people are even prepared to have their own feet and hands amputated if they think that those parts of them are diseased / the desire to have the good forever / giving birth to beauty both in body and mind / closest mortals can come to being permenantly alive and immortal … to have the good always / footed beasts as well as winged birds…even the weakest of animals

Symp: Diotima - refutes argument that people are looking for their own half because ______

Summarises that Love is ‘_______’

Then moves into what Love’s function is - _____ , most people give birth via sexual intercourse, a divine process of birth, one wishes for reproduction because ______

This is the same reason that ________ get so ready to fight to find a mate, to produce new generations that hold their knowledge and their character traits that will be lost in death

Alcestis for Admetus, Achilles for Patroklus, Codrus for his son’s kingdom / women / poets, craftsmen, creators of just laws / body and mind / Homer and Hesiod

Symp: Diotima - people however don’t only desire birth in body, but also immortality through memorialisation as __________ wouldn’t have died if they didn’t think they’d be remembered for it - immortality they’re in love with, not people

There are men that are pregant in body, they seek ____, but some men pregnant in mind who has knowldge of virtues like _____

When this man seeks beauty in ______ - naturally drawn, he seeks to teach it and then create children of knowledge such as the children of _____ (people look enviously - more immortal than mortal children + fame in cults not seen in pregnancy of body)

vision of the mysteries / should be guided correctly / despises this passion (of one body) and regarding it as petty / he has little of the bloom of beauty / practices and laws / small-minded slavery / beautiful in relation / material or physical / gold and clothes and beautiful boys and young men

Symp: Diotima - Final ______ to reach this birth of virtue

Begin young with desire of a beautiful body (_____) = beautiful discourses

Then see the beauty of one to be like another and thus desire the beauty of some and then all bodies as he _____

Then the beauty of the mind even if ______ and thus move into the beauty of _____ and then into all foms of knowledge

Overcoming this ______, he will turn towards the ‘great sea of beauty’ and give birth in knowledge and beautiful discourses

Beauty IS (never diminishing or increasing) nor ___ nor ____ - single entity

Staircase process to ‘gazing on beauty itself’ - different level to ‘_______’

Aristophanes is trying to defend his point / transfer (the ribbons) from my head to that of the man who is the wisest and most beautiful / be lying next to the most attractive man in the room

Symp: Alcibiades walks in while _______, with a flutegirl and proclaims that he is very drunk but is here to ___ __(Ag__athon) - in doing so, the ribbons block his eyes from seeing Socrates, as he sits down between A&S, but when A talks of the 3rd person on the couch, he rises in shock at the sight and states that Socrates HAD to _______ (Socrates cries out for A to protect him from Al who seems to have a mad attachment to his lovers)

you have to drink (and then) bring me, boy, that wine cooler / 4 pints / If I praise anyone, whether god or human, while he’s around its he who will beat me up

Symp: Alcibiades - states that in fact it is Socrates who stops him from interacting with other lovers, and thus ties the ribbons onto his head - then tells the party that _____ (then drinks a cup that holds more than ____ (then passes it to Socrates - but he won’t be drunk)

Eryximachus then tells Alcibiades that they shouldn’t just drink like they’re thirsty but that Alcibiades needs to give a eulogy of Love, but Al. states that _______

Thus E tells him to give a euology of Socrates and he agrees and that he will tell the truth

images / Marsyas the satyr / bewitches people like Marsyas’ flute ‘by words alone’ / frenzy…greater than Corybantes. My heart pounds and tears flood out when he speaks / slavish way of life / carried away by people’s admiration

Symp: Alcibiades’ euology of Socrates, through _____

States that Socrates is like _____ in appearance but also because Socrates _________ (overwhelmed & spellbound)

Al tells of his ______ and how it makes him dissatisfied with his ______ (not worth living / neglect myself)

On one hand, he knows that he can’t argue against him and should follow, but is ______ (thus acts like a runaway slave)

erotically attracted to beautiful boys and is always hanging around them in a state of excitement / doesn’t care at all if someone is beautiful - he regards this with unbelievable contempt - or is rich or has any of the other advantages prized by ordinary people…worthless and regards us as worth nothing too / divine, golden, so utterly beautiful and amazing

Symp: Alcibiades - states that Socrates is ____________ (+ seems ignorant so like Silenus) but just like a statue of Silenus, this is just an outer covering

In fact, he is full of MODERATION and _______ - instead he is pretending and playing with people

Because Al doesn’t realise to begin with, he states that he made his attendant leave so that he may gratify Socrates so that he may hear his words, so ______

bitten by something more painful still…in the mind…I’ve been struck and bitten by the words of philosophy, which cling on more fiercely that a snake when they take hold of a young and talented mind / Bacchic frenzy / you’re trying to get true beauty in return for its appearance … gold for bronze / thick winter cloak and lay down under his short cloak

Symp: Alcibiades - although Socrates and Alcibiades are alone, Socrates gives normal conversation (no teaching of virtue) and goes away, same for the gymnasia (even wrestled)

Invites to dinner and on second attempt, in the same room sleeping - so as he is ________

All of the other men have been under this _____ of philosophy and so understand (but slaves cover your ears)

Then speaks of how he asked So to sleep with him in return for teaching him to be as good a person as possible; but in response So states that Al is correct that he is wise, but that _______

However, Al still tries to seduce him by wrapping him in his ________ (but So has triumphed over Al’s looks and nothing has happened)

sleeping with my father or elder brother / Athenian campaign against Potidaea / we were cut off and forced to do without food / winter / went out in this weather wearing the same outdoor cloak…made better progress over the ice in his bare feet / Socrates who saved me…saved my life as well as my armour and weapons

Symp: Alcibiades - describes ‘sleeping with Socrates’ to be like _________ (nothing erotic) - however Al is amazed at his SELF CONTROL and courage

Then he tells of how his self-control meant that during the _____ no-one came close to enduring as he when ______ (but still enjoys feasts - even more than others!)

His endurance in - was also admirable as one time, when in the bitter cold everyone else was wearing extra cloaks and felts, Socrates _____

As well, when he was struggling with a problem, he stood there from dawn, through the day and night before leaving again (Ionians watched)

Also talks of Socrates in battle - when Al was awarded prize for bravery, it was _______ (however So is keen to let Alc. keep the prize)

Delium / swaggering and looking from side to side / the same words to make the same points / most divine and contain the most images of virtue … all subjects if you’re going to become a good person / Charmides

Symp: Alcibiades - continues on about how good Socrates was in battle, when the cavalry were retreating disordely from - , Socrates was simply walking, ________ and looking out for fellow companions

Like no other human being, Achilles like Brasidas but So only like satyrs (non-humans), then states that his discussions seem ridiculous as he uses -, but if you break them open, they are _______

Finishes by saying that he and others like ____ have been tricked by this, and that he is the beloved not the lover

Book finishes with Socrates at dawn arguing to Aristophanes and Agathon and then leaving to go about his day, only sleeping in the evening

desire / desire for pleasure / desire rules within us / gluttony & drink

Phaedrus: 1st Plato begins by asking that we define was love is, first naming it a ___ __,__ however states that the non-lover wishes for the beautiful too, therefore more specifically ______,__ and that if this ____ then it is called excess (+ also brings out connection of desire with _____

The desire which overcomes rational opinion, that strives towards the right, and which is led away towards the enjoyment of beauty and again is strongly forced by the desires that are kindred to itself towards personal beauty, when it gains the victory, takes its name from that very force and is called love

Phaedrus: 1st - Then, Socrates describes love as ‘___________’

ruled by desire and is a slave to pleasure (who) will inevitably deisre to make his beloved as pleasing to himself as possible / to the one who is of unsound mind everything is pleasant which does not oppose him / of necessity jealous / divine philosophy as this would ‘do most to make him wise’

Phaedrus: 1st - talks of the lover as one who is ______ and therefore will make the beloved inferior as ____ , the lover is also ____ , states that the lover will keep the beloved from ____

effeminate, not virile, … unused to manly toils and the sweat of exertion…bright complexion of artificial origin / father, mother, relatives and friends / most sweet intercourse with him / unmarried, childless and homeless

Phaedrus: 1st - the lover will too keep a beloved who is ____ as he will be weaker, he will also keep him from - as this might hinder his ____ , in the same vein the beloved must be ______

you must know that the fondness of the lover is not a matter of goodwill but of appetite which he wishes to satisfy: just as the wold loves the lamb, so the lover adores his beloved / dreadful speech…it was foolish and somewhat impious

Phaedrus: 1st - Socrates ends his speech with the statement ‘____‘ however he then cries out that he must finish, and that in fact what he just said was a ______

a god, or something divine / prophetess as Delphi / priestesses at Dodona / sent from heaven for the advantage of lover and beloved alike

Phaedrus: 2nd - Love is ___ and therefore not evil, then states that although the lover is insane, this is not bad, for __ and __ who become insane benefit Greece , argues that this frenzy is _____

one of the horses is noble and of noble breed, but the other quite the opposite…driving is necessarily difficult and troublesome / when it is perfect and fully winged, it mounts upwards and governs the whole world / is borne along until it gets hold of something solid, when ht settles down, taking upon itself an earthly body

Phaedrus: 2nd - begins with charioteer metaphor where ____, and then goes into description of the soul traversing the whole heavens yet ____ however most souls having lost their wings, _____ that moves due to the possession of the soul = living being = mortal

up to the place where dwells the race of the gods…nature of the divine…beauty, wisdom, goodness / by vileness and evil, they are wasted away and destroyed / weighs the chariot down, … pulling it towards the earth … there the utmost toil and struggle awaits / greatest confision and sweat of rivalry, wherein many are lamed and many wings are broken

Phaedrus: 2nd - the function of the wings are to carry that which is heavy ____ which nourishes the wings of the soul, but ____, gods’ horses are well-matched, but the mortals’ ___ , the desire to see the heavens causes chaos in ____

be free from harm until the next period / forgetfulness and evil and grows heavy…loses its wings and falls to earth / pass into any beast…seen the most shall enter the birth of a man who is to be a philosopher / lawful king / 6th / 10,000

Phaedrus: 2nd - each are eager to see the truth as this pasture nourishes the soul, and will - (Law of Destiny) however as it fails, through - , law that the one who has seen some truth will never - (or lover of Beauty) going down through - (3rd) or poet (-) and will only gain their wings again after - except the philosopher

he who employs aright these memories is ever being initiated into perfect mysteries and alone becomes truly perfect, but as he forgets earthly interest and is rapt in the divine, the vulgar deem him mad and rebuke him; they do not see that he is inspired

Phaedrus: 2nd - the soul that does not see the truth will not become human, however as the one who has seen the truth begins to understand it, _____

absolute beauty / gives himself up to pleasure and like a beast proceeds to lust and begetting…not ashamed to pursue pleasure in violation of nature / shudders at first … would offer sacrifice to his beloved…with sweat and unwonted heat / the parts from which feathers grow, which were before hard and choked…become soft …swell…begin to grow

Phaedrus: 2nd - the one who does not understand _____ and does not revere it, ____ / however the one who has seen the truths, when he sees a form which is a good image of beauty, _____ , because as beauty enters his eyes, he is warmed and _____

when it is alone and dries out, the roots of the feathers begin to grow dry and close up / in its madness cannot sleep at night…hastens wherever it hopes to see the beautiful one / his mother and brothers and all friends, neglects property and cares

Phaedrus: 2nd - in the presence of the boy, filled with joy but ___ , as these two sensations battle, it is maddened and ____ / ends with how it is the lovER who allows himself to forget ____

springs wildly forward, … forcing them to approach the beloved / his memory is borne back to the true nature of beauty…standing with modesty upon a pedestal of chastity

Phaedrus: 2nd the charioteer is warmed by the sight, the good horse controls himself but the other ____ , the other two pull back but in the end yield and behold the beloved and ___, afraid he pulls back in reverence

covers his scurrilous tongue and jaws with blood, and forces his legs and haunches to the ground causing him much pain / is overwhelmed with fear / receives him into communion…the beloved…recognises that the inspired friend is worth all other friends…they have nothing of friendship in them worthy to be compared to this

Phaedrus: 2nd - once recovered the bad horse pulls again, and cowardly the man relents, but over and over he will fall back more violently, ______ , so many times that he is humbled and when he sees the beautiful one , in the end the beloved ______

cease from pain / their happiness depends their self-control, if the better elements of their mind which lead to order and philosophy prevail, then they pass their life here in happiness / if they leave philosophy … the two wantom animals take the two souls when off their guard…accomplish that desire of their hearts / vulgar qualities… nine thousand years and leave you a fool in the world below

Phaedrus: 2nd - the two lovers may embrace, and feel the river of desire, and both however _____ , but _____ , concludes that the heavenly blessings which the friendship of a lover with confer upon you, whereas the non-lover will enjoy _____

music and poetry / be pleased by them, receive them into his soul and being nurtured by them, become fine and good / moderation, courage, frankness… / harmony …most beautiful sight for anyone who has eyes

Republic: everyone in the perfect city is to be taught ______ because brings grace to the soul, which will lead to people appreciating the fine and _____ but will reject what is shameful even when is young

However to be educated in music and poetry, one must understand the basis of harmony and life, these being ______

Therefore, if someone has a beautiful mind and body (____)

And as what is most beautiful is most loveable, then musical people will love these people most of all (because appreciate harmony)

if the defect was in the soul / moderation or rest of virtue / violence & licentiousness / sexual pleasure (+ maddest) / must never seem to go any further than this otherwise he will be reproached as … lacking in the appreciation for what is fine and beautiful

Republic: Musical people will embrace those even if they have defect in body but _____, they would reject them

Moves into excessive pleasure = not compatible with - , but is with _____ (+ drives one mad equal to pain)

Greatest (or keenest) pleasure is _____

As right love is the love of order and beauty, then sexual desire must have no part in it (and must have no sex)

And so, man may kiss boy like father to son, but _______

a fit body doesn’t by its own virtue make the soul good, but … a good soul by its own virtue makes the body as good as possible / drunkness / roasted meat (common) & NO sweet desserts eg. Atthic pastries / embellishment gives rise to licentiousness…simplicity in music & poetry makes for moderation of the soul

Republic: young people in city must have physical training too, but that ___________, therefore sufficient care to the mind should be given

Guardians must avoid _____ (would be too confused), and because they are like athletes, must have a diet:

* not like current athletes who are sluggish and become ill easily
* like Homer (better heroes than athletes) gives his men _______ (+ Corinthian girlfriends?)

Just as _________, men need to have simple lives

(+ connection of licentiousness and disease here that breeds in cities)

isn’t one woman philosophical or a lover of a wisdom while another hates wisdom…one woman may have a guardian nature … for wasn’t it qualities of this sort that we looked for in the natures of the men we selected? / Nature…law in accord with Nature / cobbler trained in cobblery

Republic: both men and women have the same nature and can both be guardians as ___________ (but women still weaker)

And so, must have same role and same lifestyle (isn’t against _____)

But both men and women guardians are better than the average citizen like the ____

they’ll wear virtue or excellence / are to belong in common to all the men and none are to live privately with any man / be driven by innate necessity to have sex with one another / make marriage as sacred as possible…most beneficial

Republic: women must train naked because _______ and must share in war (men might laugh but they are stupid and harmful)

Then, all women __________ (+ children are owned too in common) - unreasonable idea but Plato says this is what lazy people do to think over plausability

Moves into how if women and men live and train together, they will ________, n__ot by desire as promiscuity is impious in cities of happy people

Thus, their next task is to ________

hunting dogs and … flock of noble fighting birds / certain festivals and sacrifices will be established by law at which we’ll bring the brides and grooms together / to the young men who are good in war…have sex with the women more often / born defective, they’ll hide in a secret and unknown place…the guardian breed is to remain pure

Republic: sacred marriage will be the most beneficial because like ______ there are the best and these are the ones bred in their PRIME (like horses & other animals) + calls them ‘herd’ later

Thus rulers will have to use the drug of falsehood to ‘breed’ their people without knowledge of others, so as not to breed dissent

Therefore _______ - with number of males stable (disease, war etc.) so city isn’t too big + use lotteries to create sense of luck

They will also give prizes and rewards _______ (pretext for more GOOD heirs)

Good children will be looked after by nurses in rearing pen (mothers don’t know children) but any born from inferior parents or ________

20-40, 25-55 / neither pious nor just / children & descendants, and parents & ancestors

Republic: parents should be in their (physical & mental) prime when they are married to ensure greatest efficiency of children production ____ for women and ____ for men (after peak as runner)

If someone younger/older has a child, then that child is to be hidden in darkness, the offense is ____

However, after the age of children begetting, anyone can have sex with whoever, apart from ______ (any child borne here will be left without nurture) - but brothers & sisters can

Then moves into if this system is good and thus keeps the city as one, and share pleasures and pains - no privatisation

not mine / whenever anything good or bad happens to a single one of its citizens, such a city above all others will say that the affected part is its own and will share in the pleasure or pain as a whole / until philosophers rule as kings…until political power & philosophy entirely coincide…cities will have no rest from evils

Republic: people should share all to the point that no-one has anything that another can call ‘_____’

Therefore, like a person who hurts when his finger hurts, __________

Moves on to speak on how this could practically come about (how a city could change one or two aspects): ______ or the human race - no happiness in any other city

then he mustn’t love one part of it and not another, but he must love all of it / all boys in the bloom of youth pique the interest of a lover of boys and arouse him and that all seem worthy in his care and pleasure / don’t you see wine-lovers behave in the same way / not one part of wisdom…but the whole thing

Republic: must now define who these philosophers are that must rule, thus argue that these men are most fitted to rule:

If someone loves something, _____ , as to one who loves boys _____ - one will praise each ‘different’ boy for their differences (snub-nosed = cute while hook-nosed = regal, even would tolerate sallowness for youthfulness)

In the same way, _______ (connection of drink & pleasure) + honour-lovers (will seek honour in any way) = desire every aspect

Thus the philosopher desires _______

sight of truth / lover of sights and sounds like beautiful sounds, colours, shapes and everything fashioned out of them, but their thought is unable to see and embrace the nature of the beautiful itself / someone who believes in beautiful things but doesn’t believe in the beautiful itself…is dreaming

Republic: one who is choosy with what he learns is also not a philosopher as we would not call someone picky with food hungry

Many people must seem like philosophers, who love sights, sounds, petty crafts but AREN’T - true philosophers seek ____

Good / bad = 2 things & each are one although they come in different forms; some people see these many things but can’t grasp that they are ONE

* ________
* ________
* But someone who believes in the beautiful itself and can see it and things that participate in it (and know these not to be IT) are awake → has knowledge instead of opinion

opinion / something / opinion allows us to opine and knowledge takes the place of the strongest power / one is infallible and the other fallible

Republic: knowledge is what IS and ignorance is what is NOT, so the people of _____ have _____, an intermediate

Then moves into powers and how they enable us such as sight and hearing and if a different power allows a different action then it must be different, therefore though ____, they are different powers since _____

sexual, friendship, wisdom

Laws: friendship=affection for someone for whom we share something in common, desire=spec. ____ and physical, Love=intense feeling of _____ (desirous Love and chaste Love which lusts for the soul and worships ____ and temperance)

death, desires, nails

Phaedo: last dialogue with friends before _____=explains that the true philosopher rises above ____ and uses reason alone to inform actions - desires are like ____ in a coffin

natural, desire, lust

Laws: Plato also states that sex for procreation is _____ whilst homoerotic was unnatural and stemmed from an inability to control _____ + concern is expressed for ___ between young men and women if society relaxes to allow them more time together

20, Alcibiades, Sicily

The symposium was written ___ years after the forced suicide of Socrates, for corrupting the youth - one of which was _____, whose passions showed in the symp. were the same ones that led him to lead the ____ expedition that ultimately failed

Ascent

The culmination of ones argument

gymnasia, comraderie, pleasure

Laws also shows concern with ____ - helpful for state in production of ____ but this closeness may lead to homoerotic desires = ‘slavery to _____’ - thus into civil unrest (mostly social anxiety)

Sappho, substance, 10th muse

In Phaedrus, Plato has Socrates reference ____ before he gives a beautiful speech and after Phaedrus gives his beautiful speech - ‘only a poet could do it better’ (appreciation of the beautiful or insulting their lack of ______?) + possibly calls Sappho the _______ + says that poets know more about love