4.1 Joints and Motion Study Guide- HBS

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline off the body

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

Articulation

The action or manner in which the parts come together at a joint

Ball-and-socket joint

An articulation (as the hip joint) in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction

Cartilage

Cushions and protects bones and is usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

Circumduction

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface)

Extension

An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Flexion

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Goniometer

An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull)

Hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Hyaline cartilage

Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton

Joint

The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with the surrounding and supporting parts (as membranes, tendons, or ligaments)

Ligament

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Plantar flexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Synovial cavity

The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. Also called a joint cavity.

Synovial fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

Synovial joint

A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones

Tendon

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Smooth muscle

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons

Striation

Any of the alternate dark and light cross bands of a myofibril of striated muscle

Skeletal muscle

An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to bone by a tendon or aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons

Muscle

An organ composed of one of the three types of muscular tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary and involuntary movements of parts of the body

Origin

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion

Pivot Joint

is a type of synovial joint. In pivot joints, the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone.

Articular Cartilage

Enthesis

Bursa

Articulation

Where parts come together at the joint

Fiborus joints

Joints that do not move

Cartilaginous joints

Joints that move a little and is linked by cartilage

Bones

This gives our bodies support and give our body shape. This needs muscles in order to move though.

Rule #1

Muscles must have at least two attachments and must cross at least one joint

Rule #2

Muscles always "pull" shorter

Rule #3

The attachment that moves is known as the insertion and the attachment that remains stationary is known as the origin

Rule #4

Muscles that decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as flexors. Muscles that increase the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as extensors

Rule #5

Muscles work in opposing pairs

Rule #6

Muscle striations point to the attachments and show the direction of pull