Chapter 5 -- 20th century rejections of liberalism

what were the 2 most influential ideologies to reject liberalism and what kind of government did they use? 3

• communism

• fascism

• totalitarian forms of government

totalitarianism

complete control of the government over the public and private lives of citizens (often utilize patriotism)

nature of totalitarian regimes:

responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes, and consider the existing society in need of a complete transformation

two forms of transformation; 2

• radical

• reactionary

radical transformation: 2

• USSR

• change desired to move toward the far left side of the economic spectrum and a complete rejection of political and economic traditions

reactionary transformation: 2

• nazi germany

• change desired is far right, an idealized past and acceptance of ecnomic inequality (some people are better than others)

what do totalitarian regimes provide and explain?

the provide an account of the past and an explanation of the present and vision for the future

what do totalitarian governments do to maintain strict control over their citizens? 7

• propaganda

• extensive local, regional and national organization

• youth\professional\cultural\athletic groups (with oftentimes forced participation)

• secret police using terror

• indoctrination through education

• censorship of media

• redirecting popular discontent

what percent of the population in russia were serfs (meaning that they were legally tied to the land of rich landlords)?

about 80%

czar alexander ll: 2

• announced emancipation of serfs in 1861 but government was slow to implement changes

• reforms did little to satisfy russian citizens

what kind of changes did russia go through during the 1860s to early 1900s? 3

• classical liberal economic policies led to rapid industrialization (but russia was still behind the rest of europe)

• russia remained autocratic as the monarchy did not want to relinquish power

• 1881: czar was assasinated and czar alexander lll took power

czar alexander lll: 2

• imposed stricter political control

• exiled and persecuted dissidents using a secret police

january 1905: 2

• workers in russia marched to present a petition to the czar asking for recognition of basic human rights

• asked for a state-sponsored education system, better working conditions, fairer wages, 8 hour workday, etc.

Russian reactions to bloody sunday: 2

• Outraged

• Grew more dissatisfied, and this eventually led to the Russian revolution in 1917

What was the Russian revolution a reaction to?

The injustices of the authoritarian czarist system and uncontrolled free market capitalism which exploited the proletariat (workers)

Who sought to destroy the class based system?

Bolsheviks, the communists

What was wrong with the czars government? 2

• It was inefficient and authoritarian

• Food shortages were common and the secret police were ruthless

What was the czar forced to do after bloody Sunday? 3

• Forced to allow some reforms like basic rights

• Universal suffrage

• Creation of an elected legislative assembly called the durma

where the reforms enough to satisgy the people?

NO!! the czar also limited the powers of the dma before its first session

1914, and 1917: 3

• 1914: wwi broke out which intensified the problems in russia

• 1917: discontent developed into an outright revolution and lenins communist bolsheviks took over the machinery of the government in an organized attack

what did lenin and the bolshevisk believe? 2

• violent revolution was the only way to overthrow the government and avoid further development of liberalism in russia

• taking power was easier than staying in power, and a civil war erupted and lasted for 5 years

what happened in 1922 and 1924? 2

• 1922: war was over and communism was established

• 1924: russia became the union of soviet socialist republics (USSR), a dictorial rule by the communist party

aftermath of WWI in germany: 2

• germany became a republic with a modern, liberal democratic political structure

• became known as the weimar republic

what were the terms that the treaty of versailles outlined? 8

• german army of no more than 100000 men and no tanks, subs, or air force

• alsace-lorraine returned to france

• lost all colonies

• rhineland became demilitarized

• forbidden unions with austria

• forced to recognize poland and czechoslovakia territorial claims

• war guilt clause

• pricey reparations

germany and the treaty of versailles: 3

• didn't have a choice and much of the german population blamed the government for the humiliation and economic hardship that the treaty caused for years to come

• resentment would undermine german confidence in liberal democratic government

• many germans associated liberalism with countries that defeated them in world war one

economic hardship in germany after wwi: 3

• economy was in ruins

• germany had trouble with reparations payments and massive inflation saw savings being wiped out

• stock market crash of 1929 and depression made things worse

authoritarian rule in germany: 3

• since the creation of the german empire in 1871, government was authoritarian

• kaiser and chancellor held power and created a welfare state with health, accident, old-age, and disability insurance

• many germans saw authoritarianism as benevolent/well meaning

weimar republic after wwi:

failed to provide germans with any hope in hard times and they looked back to authoritarian rule

hitler and his nazi party: 4

• capitalized on the fears and desperations of the poeple

• absolute nationalism, called for unification of all german speaking peoples

• used parliamentary organizations to stifle dissent and to terrorize opposition

• centralized decision making in a single leader to whom everyone owed loyalty

the nazi's advocacy of law and order appealed to many germans…why?

because they were tired of years of instability

What was propaganda used to promote? 2

• Nazi ideology that included a racial theory that claimed Germans as a part of the Aryan race

• Jews as the scapegoat and blamed many of Germanys problems on them (they were already being blamed on the crucifixion of christ across europe)

How did the ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens? 2

• Any benefits that came out of these 2 ideologies were outweighed by tbe devastating costs to many of the people in the countries

• While som ebenecitted, others suffered and died

What did lenin believe and what did he introduce in 1921? 2

• Believed that Marxism had to be carried out sifferently in Russia

• 1922: Lenin introduced new economic policy which brought back some aspects of capitalism temporarily to stimulate the economy (stated retained control of banking, large industry, transport, etc)

What happened in 1924?

Lenin died and it led to a 4 year struggle for power until Joseph stalin took power

What did stalin do? 2

• Continued with making Russia more communist by centralizing economic planning and implementing 5 year plans

• Government implanted collectivisation, where all land was taken from private owners and combined into large, collectively owned farms

The profit from increased agricultural output from collectivisation was to be used

To pay for Russias industrialization

What did collectivization also bring along? 2

• Kulaks: class of prosperous land owning commoners in Ukraine

• Kulaks who did not give up their property were arrested and deported and became scapegoats of collectivization

Farmers under stalins 5 year plans and what they did: 2

• Unhappy and destroyed crops and farm equipment and slaughtered animals rather than giving them up to the state

• This led to food shortages and stalin punished the farmers by taking everything they produced, leaving millions without food

Mass starvation:

Holodomor

Stalin eliminating opposition: 4

• Important officials became unhappy with stalins leadership

• He responded with a great period of political repression called the great purge

• Political opponents were executed and sent into exile

• 2 million were arrested, half were executed and the rest were sent to the gulags

Collectivism in germany: 5

• Collectivism: every citizen works for the greater good of germany

• Anti liberalist

• Extreme nationalism: greatness of germany and its people

• Racism: Aryan race superiority and antisemitism

• Cooperation between business and military

1932, 1933, and the fire

• 1932: nazi party held 1/3 of the seats in reichstag

• 1933: Hitler named chancellor. Capitalizing on the situation and turned germany into a totalitarian state

• Fire in reichstag was used to spread fear of the communist takeover that he used to solidify his power