History review

Tithe

Church tax

Concordat of Worms

A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power could be vetoed by the king

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Charlemagne's achievements

\-reunites Frankish kingdoms

\-reunites western Europe and spreads christianity

\-travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs which gets him crowned emperor after giving protection

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Why did medieval peasants support the church?

they saw it as their way to heaven

interdiction

a prohibition; the act of forbidding

What did John Wycliffe do?

translated the Bible into English

What did Jan Hus do?

Condemned the power of the church and clergy, promoted free interpretation of the Bible, influenced Martin Luther

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince

how did the renaissance change society

It encouraged a more secular outlook

Hugenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

what were the goals of the jesuits

Create schools throughout Europe, convert non-Christians to Catholicism, and stop the spread of Protestantism.

Three G's of Exploration

God, Glory, Gold

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

Treaty of Tordesillas

set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

English East India Company

an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

joint-stock company

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Where did the Pilgrims settle?

Plymouth, Massachusetts

Where did the Puritans settle?

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

Intendents

royal officials that were sent to the provines to execute the orders of the central government. They further strengthened the power of the King.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Boyars

Russian nobility

james I

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Charles I of England

English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Restoration

the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660

Habeas Corpus

Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Natural Law

God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law

Enlightened Despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Montesquieu

Gave us the branches of government

Baccaria

Capital punishment and torture should be outlawed

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

John Locke

Life, Liberty, and Property

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

State of Nature

a condition in which no governments or laws existed at all