Biology extra credit

What is a pigment?

A pigment is something that absorbs light and it is a compound

What is a chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll is the green pigment and plants

This pigment comes from the reflection of the green color on the light spectrum

What is a thylakoid?

The thylakoid is a membrane that contains the all of the chlorophyll

What is a grana

It is the stacks of chlorophyll in the thylakoids

What is the STROMA

It is the water like substance that is in the chloroplast similar to cell membrane

What is an electron carrier?

A electron carrier is a compound that accepts a pair of high energy electrons and transfers, their energy to another molecule

What is a chemical reaction?

The chemical reaction includes a 1:2:1 ratio

What is photosystem ll

It is where electrons go through the electron transport chain, and the very first light dependent reaction start

What is the electron transport chain?

This is a process where electrons are moved to ATP reactions

ATP

ATP adenosine triphosphate very important for compound storage

NADPT+ (nicotnamide adenine dinudeorlae enosonate)

It carries molecules this molecule accepts to highly charge electrons and one hydrogen, which then it converts into an ADPH because the hydrogen gets added on, and the electrons gets carried somewhere else in the chloroplast

CAM PLANTS (utilize Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

These plants only allow air in at night during the day. The plant closes up performing carbohydrates. The example of these plants is pineapple desert cactuses.

Light dependent reactions

Requires involvement of light and absorbing pigments happens in the thylakoid membrane

What is the photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is proteins and ethics that absorb sunlight and make electrons

photosystem l

photosystem l always happens after photosystem two

Photosystem l definition

Electrons have lost power when they got to photosystem one pigments and photo systems one get energy to charge to give NADP+

Hydrogen ions

Hydrogen ions have been building up in the thylakoids making it positive. The positive reaction creates a positive hydrogen ion remember, charged molecules can’t diffuse by themselves.

Facts about the Calvin cycle (also known as light dependent or dark reactions)

it was discovered by a scientist named Melvin Calvin, a scientist who discovered the cycle which they named after him

Sugar production

Both of the carbon compounds become food and they are removed which the three compounds are converted back to the 65 carbon compounds which these start the Calvin cycle all over again

64 plants

These plants use low levels of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle they produce four carbon compounds and instead of the three normal carbon compounds the examples are corn and sugar can

Carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle

The carbon dioxide, when entering it combines the five carbon compound with the carbon dioxide, creating the three carbon compound which this compound goes with the one to two to one ratio

ATP formation

Light dependent reactions make NADPH and ATP when the positive hydrogen combines with ADP it makes ATP

Light dependent reactions information

Remember the solo coins, generate light absorption on opposite sides of the membrane

Chlorophyll

The pigment is formed because green cannot be absorbed (see pigment flash card) this is the shade of color that is on the surface of the chloroplast

Light

Energy from the sound that gets absorbed by the chloroplast

Light dependent reactions

Require direct sunlight to absorb pigment

Light dependent reactions part 1

Light independent reactions

chloroplast diagram