Chapter 7 Human Geography Test

Industrial Revolution

1700s:Britain

1800s: USA, Germnay

1900s: Europe, China, South America

New technolgy during the Industrial Revolution

New farming machinary, Electricity, Telegraph, Telephone

Subsitution Principle

busineses subsitute one factor of production for another;human labor for machines

Core countries

wealthy, militarily strong and hold signifigant social power and colonial power

Perpherial countries

poor, have exploitable resoruces, and do not posses great socail stability or government

Semi-perpherial countires

have some of the charcateristics of core and perpherial countries

Primary

fishing,mining,forestry

less than 5% of labor force in MDC’s but often over 70% of LDC’s

Secondary

Manufacturing (raw materials to finshed goods)

Teritary

goods and services to people in exchnage for money

retail,banking,education,government

Quaterhary

information technologies, reserach, and development

Quinery

high levels of decsion making governmnet officals, college deans, CEO’s

Labor intensive industries

wages constitute high percentage of buisness expences

Capital intensive industries

wages constitute low percentage of business expenses

labor costs lower in LDC’s

Break of Bulk point

cargo is shifted from one type of transportation to another

ex: ship to plane

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

industry is situated within the area where the costs of transporting raw materials and the final output are minimal

Wallerstien’s World System Theory

claims that rich core capitalist socities succed by exploiting pooer peripherial ones. In between are semi-peripheral societies and a precarious global middles class

GDP

value of national output produced in a country

GNI

mesures income earned, including income from investments, that flows back into the country

GNP

includes that earnings from all assets owned by residnets, ommiting the earnings of all foreigners living in the country

Gini coefficent

a score closer to 0 or 0% means less inequality, closer to 1 or 100% means more inequality

Rostow’s Theory

1) Traditional society

2) Preconditions for take-off

3) Take-off

4) Drive to maturity

5) High mass conumption

Critisms against Rostow’s theory

based off America and Europe

encourages the explotation of LDC’s

assumes everyone has access to a vast amount of resources

Spatial patterns

an analytical tool used to measure the distance between two or more physical locations or items

types: absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation

Growth pole

a specific area or sector that drives economic development in a region

Galactic city model

also known as the peripheral model

is made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it. These areas are tied together by transportation nodes, like beltways, to avoid traffic congestion

Deindustrialization

a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change

Quaternary sector

the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development

Map scale

the relationship of a feature's length on a map to its actual distance on Earth