drug cards

benztropine drug class

anticholinergic antagonist

benztropine mechanism of action

blocks cholinergic (muscarinic receptors)

decrease acetylcholine

blocks dopamine reuptake

benztropine uses and indications

decrease involuntary symptoms of parkinsonism

benztropine side effects

N/V

dry mouth

hyperthermia

dizziness

headache

urinary retention

blurred vision

benztropine adverse effects

tachycardia

ocular hypertension

heat stroke

ileus

coma

tolterodine tartrate drug class

anticholinergic antagonist

tolterodine tartrate mechanism of action

blocks cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors selectively in the urinary bladder

tolterodine tartrate use/indications

decrease urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence

tolterodine tartrate side effects

dizziness

dry mouth/eyes

blurred vision

diarrhea

dysuria

urinary retention

tolterodine tartrate adverse effects

angioedema

chest pain

tachycardia

peripheral edema

bethanechol chloride drug class

parasympathomimetic

bethanechol chloride mechanism of action

stimulates muscarinic (cholinergic) receptors

promote contraction of bladder

increase GI secretions/peristalsis

pupillary constriction

bronchoconstriction

bethanechol chloride use/indication

treats urinary retention/neurogenic bladder

bethanechol chloride side effects

N/V/D

abdominal crmps

urinary urgency and frequency

miosis

headache

dizziness

bethanechol chloride adverse effects

tachycardia

hypotension

bronchospasm

wheezing

seizures

atropine drug class

parasympatholytic

atropine mechanism of action

inhibits ACh by occupying the receptors

increase HR by blocking vagus stimulation

promotes pupil dilation by blocking iris sphincter

atropine use/indication

pre-operative medication to decrease salivation

increase HR for bradycardia

dilate pupils for eye exams

atropine side effects

N/C

dizziness

dry mouth

urinary retention

atropine adverse effects

paradoxical bradycardia

hypo/hyperglycemia

hypokalemia

hyponatremia

dysrhythmia

epinephrine drug class

sympathomimetic adrenergic agonist

epinephrine mechanism of action

acts on alpha1, beta1, beta2 receptors

promotes CNS/cardiac stimulation and bronchodilation

strengthens cardiac contraction

increases heart rate and cardiac output

epinephrine use/indications

treats nasal congestion

allergic reaction

anaphylaxis

bronchospasm

epinephrine side effects

N/V

restlessness

hypo/hyperglycemia

paresthesia

epinephrine adverse effects

palpitations

tachycardia

hypertension

dysrhythmias

pulmonary edema

atenolol drug class

beta 1 adrenergic blocker

atenolol mechanism of action

selectively blocks beta 1 adrenergic receptor sites

decrease sympathetic outflow to the periphery

suppresses renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system

atenolol use/indication

treats hypertension, angina, prophylaxis, and treatment of acute myocardial infarction

atenolol side effects

N/D

dizziness

headache

fatigue

depression

atenolol adverse effects

bradycardia

tachycardia

hypotension

chest pain

bronchospasm

renal failure

thrombocytopenia

crystalloid solutions: isotonic examples

lactated ringers, 0.9% solution, 5% dextrose in water (D5W)

cautions with isotonic solutions

use cautions in pts with renal failure, alkalosis, and liver disease

do not administer isotonic solutions to pts with known or suspected increased intracranial pressure

lactated ringers provides what

electrolytes and is used for rehydration

lactated ringers corrects what

dehydration and sodium depletion

replaces GI losses

crystalloid solutions: hypotonic

0.45%, 0.33%, 0.225% NaCl

hypotonic solutions uses

replaces cellular fluids by treating intracellular dehydration

PROVIDES FREE WATER TO ALLOW EXCRETION OF BODY WASTES

hypotonic solutions cautions

do not administer to patients with known or increased intracranial pressure, pts with liver disease, burns, trauma

crystalloid solutions: hypertonic examples

3%NaCl, 5%NaCl, 5% dextrose in 0.45% NaCl, 5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl, 5% dextrose in LR, 10% dextrose in water

hypertonic solutions uses

increases serum osmolarity

corrects severe hyponatremia

decrease intracranial pressure in pts with cerebral edema

hypertonic solutions use with cautions

may cause intravascular volume and pulmonary edema

what is something to make note of in hypertonic solutions

administer it slowly with infusion control pump

increase concentration of dextrose (>10%) must be given through a central venous access device

potassium chloride drug class

electrolyte replacement

potassium chloride mechanism of action

transmits and conducts nerve impulses

contracts skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

potassium chloride uses/indications

to correct potassium deficit and treat hypokalemic alkalosis, strengthen cardiac and muscular activities, and prevent hypokalemia at high risk pts

potassium chloride side effects

N/V/D

abdominal cramps

irritability

potassium chloride adverse effects

hyperkalemia, oliguria, ECG changes, GI ulceration, cardiac dysrhythmia, cardiac arrest

calcium drug class

electrolyte

calcium carbonate (chewable)

calcium gluconate (IV)

calcium citrate (capsule/tab)

calcium chloride (IV high alert drug)

calcium mechanism of action

transmit nerve impulses, contracts skeletal muscles, maintains cellular permeability, promotes strong bones and teeth

calcium use/indications

to correct calcium deficit or tetany symptoms, prevent osteoporosis

Calcium side effects

N/V/C, pain, muscle weakness

calcium adverse effects

hypercalcemia, renal failure, dysrhythmia, renal failure

iron drug class

ferrous sulfate (20%), ferrous gluconate (12%), ferrous fumarate (33%)

iron mechanism of action

enable RBC development and oxygen transport via hemoglobin

iron side effects

N/V/D/C, epigastric pain, elixir may stain teeth

Iron adverse reactions

iron poisoning result in cardiovascular collapse, metabolic acidosis, shock, cyanosis, coma

Iron Contraindications

Hemolytic anemia, hemosiderosis (iron overload disorder), peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis

Caution: Bronchial asthma, iron hypersensitivity

morphine sulfate drug class

opioid CSS II

morphine sulfate mechanism of action

depression of CNS; depression of pain impulses by binding with opiate receptors in the CNS

morphine sulfate uses and indications

to relieve severe pain

morphine sulfate side effects

N/V/D/C, anorexia, dry mouth, dyspepsia, urinary retention

morphine sulfate adverse effects

orthostatic hypo/hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, palpitations, seizures, dependence, withdrawals, respiratory depression, anemia, coma

celecoxib drug class

NSAID

celecoxib mechanism of action

COX-2 inhibitor

celecoxib uses/indications

used to treat pain, osteoarthritis, RA, painful dysmenorrhea, migraines

celecoxib side effects

N/V/D, headaches, dizziness, sinitus

celecoxib adverse effects

GI bleeding, hypertension, hearing loss, anaphylaxis

aspirin drug class

analgesic: anti-inflammatory drug

aspirin mechanism of action

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, hypothalamic heat regulator center, and platelet aggregation

aspirin use/indications

to reduce pain and fever, use for prophylaxis for arterial thromboembolism, MI, and stroke

aspirin side effects

N/V, dizziness, headache, confusion, agitation, abdominal pain, dehydration

aspirin adverse effects

tinnitus, hearing loss, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis, GI bleeding

aspirin cautions

do not take with other NSAIDS

avoid last trimester of pregnancy

do not give to children with flu or virus symptoms (reye syndrome)

ibuprofen drug class

NSAID proprionic acid derivative

ibuprofen mechanism of action

inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by blocking arachidonate binding, thus relieving pain and inflammation

ibuprofen use

to reduce inflammatory process, to relieve pain, anti-inflammatory effect for arthritic conditions, reduce fever and headache

ibuprofen side effects

dizziness, headache, N/V/D/C, abdominal pain, blurred vision

ibuprofen adverse effects

hearing loss, GI bleeding, perforation, ulcer, tinnitus, seizure, hypokalemia

infliximab drug class

Immunomodulator: Tumor necrosis factor blocker

infliximab mechanism of action

binds to TBF and blocks it from attaching to TNF receptors on synovial cell surfaces; reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and delays inflammatory process

infliximab side effects

dizziness, headaches, visual impairment, edema, abdominal pain, N/D/C, weight loss, dehydration, infusion-related reaction

infliximab adverse effects

hypo/hypertension, chest pain, bradycardia, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, GI obstruction, seizures, antibody formation

infliximab cautions

heart failyre, COPD, diabetes mellitus, hepatic dysfunction, MS, immunosuppression

febuxostat drug class

antigout xanthine oxidase inhibitor

febuxostat mechanism of action

blocks hypoxanthine and xanthine metabolism to reduce uric acid synthesis to decrease uric acid blood and urine concentrations

febuxostat use

to treat hyperuricemia in patients with gout

febuxostat side effects

dizziness, headache, flushing, dry mouth, N/V/D/C, dehydration

febuxostat adverse effects

bradycardia, tachycardia, chest pain, hypo/hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hypo/hyperkalemia, Guillain-Barre syndrome

acetaminophen drug class

analgesic

acetaminophen mechanism of action

inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of hypothalamic regulator center

acetaminophen uses

to decrease mild pain and fever

acetaminophen side effects

headaches, insomnia, anxiety, fatigue, anorexia, N/C/V, peripheral edema

acetaminophen adverse effects

oliguria, hearing loss, hypomagnesemia, increased hepatic enzymes

nalbuphine drug class

opioid agonist-antagonist

nalbuphine mechanism of action

inhibits pain impulses transmitted in the CNS by binding with opiate receptors and increasing pain threshold

nalbuphine uses

to relieve severe pain and for anesthesia induction and maintenance

nalbuphine side effects

dizziness, drowsiness, headache, confusion, N/V, blurred vision

nalbuphine adverse effects

respiratory depression, bradycardia, tachycardia, withdrawal, hypo/hypertension, dyspnea, laryngeal edema, seizures

sumatriptan side effects

dizziness, headache, N/V, blurred vision, drowsiness

sumatriptan adverse effects

hypotension, hypertensive crisis, angina, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, tachycardia, GI bleeding/obstruction