human a & p 2 exam 1

describe the location of the heart in relation to the lungs.

it is medial to both of the organs, it is slightly left of the midline, so the left organ is somewhat displaced laterally and the right organ is more lateral

describe the location of the heart in relation to the trachea.

the heart is inferior to this organ. this organ splits into the main bronchi just above the hearts base.

describe the location of the heart in relation to esophagus.

it is anterior to this organ. this organ runs behind the heart, especially behind the left atrium.

describe the location of the heart in relation to thymus gland.

the heart is inferior to this organ. in adults this organ is mostly replaced by fat

describe the location of the heart in relation to diaphragm.

the heart rests directly on this organ which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

describe the location of the heart in relation to the ascending aorta

this organ arises from the left ventricle, slightly superior and central

describe the location of the heart in relation to the pulmonary trunk/arteries.

this organ arises from the right ventricle, superior and slightly anterior

describe the location of the heart in relation to the pulmonary veins.

this organ enters the left atrium from posterior-lateral sides

describe the location of the heart in relation to the inferior vena cava.

this organ enters the right atrium inferiorly.

describe the location of the heart in relation to the superior vena cava.

this organ enters the right atrium superiorly and slightly right.

describe the structure of the pericardial cavity

describe the structure of the pericardial membranes (fibrous pericardium)

describe the structure of the pericardial membranes (serous pericardium)

what ate the two pericardial membranes?

describe the structure of the epicardium.

describe the function of the epicardium.

describe the function of the myocardium.

describe the structure of the myocardium.

describe the function of the endocardium.

describe the structure of the endocardium.

describe the gross anatomy of the heart

describe the gross anatomy of the great vessels

describe the pathway of blood through the cardiovascular system (from the right atrium through the vena cava).

what is the function of the tricuspid valve?

describe the anatomy of the tricuspid valve.

what is the function of the mitral valve?

describe the anatomy of the mitral valve.

what is the function of the pulmonary valve?

describe the anatomy of the pulmonary valve.

what is the function of the aortic valve?

describe the anatomy of the aortic valve.

describe the anatomy of the valve cusps

what is the function of the valve cusps?

describe the anatomy of the chordae tendineae.

what is the function of the chordae tendineae?

what is the function of the papillary muscles?

describe the anatomy of the papillary muscles.

state the proper names for all four valves.

what is the position of the tricuspid valve in the heart?

what is the position of the mitral valve in the heart?

what is the position of the aortic semilunar valve in the heart?

what is the position of the pulmonary semilunar valve in the heart?

describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit.

describe the flow of blood through the systemic circuit.

how does the coronary artery system supply the heart with blood?

which parts of the heart is served by the left coronary artery?

which parts of the heart is served by the right coronary artery?

which parts of the heart is served by the anterior interventricular coronary artery?

which parts of the heart is served by the posterior interventricular coronary artery?

what are the components of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

describe the components, the location, and the function of the sinoatrial node.

describe the components, the location, and the function of the bundle of His.

describe the components, the location, and the function of the purkinje fibers.

describe the components, the location, and the function of the atrioventricular node.

describe the components, the location, and the function of the bundle branches.

describe the components, the location, and the function of the autorhythmic cells.

explain the function of fibrous (connective tissue) septum, which separates atrial and ventricular myocardium.

what is the function of having atrial systole completed before the onset of ventricular systole.

what is the role of AV nodal delay in coordinating cardiac systole

explain the events of myocardial action potential in autorhythmic cells.

explain the events of myocardial action potential in contractile cells.

explain the role of changing Na+ permeability.

explain the role of changing Ca++ permeability.

explain the role of K+ channels.

explain the role of changing K+ permeability.

explain the role of Na+ channels.

explain the role of slow Ca++ channels.

Explain the function of having a protracted (300 msec) cardiac action potential.

explain the function of having a protracted (300 msec) refractory period.

explain the meaning of P wave

explain the meaning of QRS complex

explain the meaning of T wave.

understand the waveforms of an electrocardiogram

explain the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

be able to correlate the electrical events with mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.

explain the meaning of end-diastolic volume.

explain the meaning of end-systolic volume.

explain the meaning of stroke volume

explain what cardiac output is

how is cardiac output calculated?

how does the autonomic nervous system influence cardiac output?

explain the effect of parasympathetic stimulation

explain the effect of sympathetic stimulation.

explain how stroke volume is affected by the autonomic nervous system

explain how stroke volume is affected by cardiac muscle length-tension relationship.

explain how stroke volume is affected by the Frank-Starling Law.

explain how coronary heart disease affects the heart.

What is plasma?

What are formed elements?

what is the difference between plasma and formed elements?

describe the structure of erythrocytes

describe the structure of leukocytes

describe the structure of platelets

describe the function of erythrocytes

describe the function of leukocytes

describe the function of platelets

what are the types of leukocytes?

what are the granular leukocytes?

what are the agranular leukocytes?

what are the functions of the various molecules and ions found in the plasma?