Animal Anatomy and Physiology Review

Set of flashcards covering key concepts related to Animal Anatomy and Physiology.

What is anatomy?

The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts.

What is physiology?

The science of how the body functions.

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

What is a prokaryote?

A cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; all bacteria are prokaryotes.

What is a eukaryote?

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles; all multicellular organisms are eukaryotic.

What are the three major parts of eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Site of protein synthesis.

What makes up the mitochondria?

Contains mitochondrial DNA and protein, double membrane with inner membrane folds called cristae.

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

Modifies, packages substances received from the ER, and exports them.

What are lysosomes responsible for?

Contain digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and nonfunctional organelles.

What do peroxisomes do?

Contain enzymes to detoxify toxic substances and convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide.

What does the cytoskeleton provide for the cell?

Form, structure, support, and enables movement.

What is the control center of the cell?

The nucleus.

Define diffusion.

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

What is the definition of filtration?

Substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

What is endocytosis?

The process by which materials are taken into the cell.

Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Phagocytosis is 'cell eating' (solid particles), while pinocytosis is 'cell drinking' (fluid droplets).

What is meant by the term isotonic?

When the concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal.

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What is histology?

The study of tissues.

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation.

Name the types of connective tissue in the body.

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

What are the three fiber types found in connective tissue?

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

What is a synovial joint?

A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid allowing for a range of motion.

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.

Striated cells joined by intercalated discs with a single, centrally located nucleus.

What is the basic functional unit of nerves?

Neurons and neuroglial cells support them.

Describe the structure of the heart.

The heart consists of myocardium and is protected by pericardium.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

To absorb proteins and return fluid to the venous system.

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

To extract and remove metabolic waste and regulate blood pressure.

How does hormonal control influence the reproductive system?

Hormones such as FSH and LH regulate reproductive cycles and functions.