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Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Motivation - stimulus
Stimulus that directs behavior of humans and animals.
Achievement motivation
Theory that we are motivated to challenge ourselves even without skills, knowledge, or rewards.
Intrinsic motivation
Doing behavior for yourself; stronger and longer lasting.
Extrinsic motivation
Doing behavior for external factors.
Overjustification effect
External factor decreases intrinsic motivation.
Instinct Theory/Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Named people's behaviors as instincts patterned in a species and focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Arousal Theory
Theory that your environment can affect your drives/arousal and that there is an optimum arousal level.
Hypothalamus
Controls arousal to maintain homeostasis.
Lateral hypothalamus
Activates when it's time to eat and produces orexin.
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Activates to stop eating.
Hormones for hunger
Orexin and ghrelin (more hungry); PYY and leptin (less hungry).
Set-point theory
Hypothalamus tends to maintain a certain body weight.
Garcia effect
Certain foods make you more or less hungry.
Sexual motivation
Drives from biological, psychological, and social factors.
Refractory period
Males enter this period in which they cannot achieve orgasm again.
Approach-approach conflict
Choose between two desirable outcomes.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choose between two undesirable outcomes.
Approach-avoidance conflict
Choice has a desirable and undesirable outcome.
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Choose between multiple options that have mixed outcomes.
Drive reduction theory
Individuals are trying to keep their bodies in homeostasis; if their body is moved out of homeostasis, they will become motivated to correct the change.
Self-efficacy
An individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Cognitive Consistency
Individuals seek to maintain a consistent cognitive system; if they experience something that disrupts that, they become motivated to fix the inconsistency.
Eating Motivation
Eating is a complex motivated behavior that demonstrates how physical and mental processes interact.
Hormones in Hunger Regulation
Hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin (regulated by the hypothalamus via the pituitary gland), regulate feelings of hunger and satiety.
External Factors Influencing Eating
External factors like the presence of food, time of day, or social gatherings around meals also influence the behavior of eating.
