Cardiology & Resuscitation

Trace drop of blood through heart

Cardiovascular Anatomy

Cardiovascular system: heart, arteries, veins

• medium for perfusion of cells with oxygen and other nutrients

• removal of CO2 and other waste products from cells

• transporting blood cells to alveoli

• deliver immune cells to fight infection

Pericardium: double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Myocardium: middle layer of muscle that contracts and ejects blood from the heart

Cardiac conduction system: system of specialized muscle tissues that conduct electrical pulses that stimulate the heart to beat

• SA node (right atria where electrical impulses originate and initiate contraction) → AV junction → purkinje fibers

Preload: amount of blood in ventricle when heart is resting (after diastole)

• related to volume of blood returning to heart

Afterload: resistance ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

• related to pressure in the arteries

Blood vessels

Artery → arterioles

Aorta

Capillary: connects arterioles to venuoles

Venuole: smallest branch of veins

Vein

Blood

• Red

• White

• Platelets

• Plasma

Pulses

• central (2)

• peripheral (4)

Central:

• carotid

• femoral

Peripheral

• radial

• brachial

• posterior tibial

• dorsalis pedis

Blood pressure

BP: force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries as heart pumps blood

• Systolic: pressure in arteries when heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries

• Diastolic: pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed between beats and filling with blood

Important Vocab

• ACS

• Heart Attack

• Angina Pectoris

• Myocardial Infarction

(ACS) Acute Coronary Syndrome: cardiac compromise

• blood supply to cells of heart is blocked or disrupted

• ischemia: hypoxic condition that develops as a result of ACS

Heart attack:

• heavy chest pain + neck/left arm

• cold and sweaty

• nausea

• Women: flu-like symptoms, indigestion/heart burn, for a number of days

Angina Pectoris: chest discomfort (substernal, across chest) brought on by exertion

• will subside with rest & nitro (12-15mins)

Myocardial infarction: death of tissue

• more intense than angina pectoris

• perspiration, pale gray color, nausea, weakness, dizziness

Related health issues

• CHF

• Right-sided

  • Pedal edema

• Left-sided

• CAD

CHF: thick heart wall muscle

• takes up blood fillable cavity space

• can lead to cariogenic shock

Right-sided HF: peripheral venous congestion, return from body organs

• JVD, liver & renal failure, peripheral edema

Left sided HF: gas exchange inhibited due to fluid in alveoli

• pulmonary edema, rales, hypertension, pitting edema

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): conditions that narrow or block arteries in heart

Resuscitation

Compression depth:

• adult 2-3 in

• child 1/3 chest depth

1 rescuer CPR: 30 compressions, 2 breaths

2 rescuer CPR (infant): 15 compressions, 2 breaths

*patient with implanted pacemaker = place pads 2-3 in away

*patient pulled from pool = dry before applying pads

Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC): pulse returns after CPR attempt/AED shock