Arturo's Bio study thing

Nucleus

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Rough ER

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins; site of protein synthesis

Vacuoles

Hold water and waste

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Vesicles

"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Allows materials to enter and exit the cell

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Cell Wall

GA rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Genetic Material (DNA, Chromatin, Chromosomes)

Hold instructions for amino acids and proteins

Prokaryotes

Lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles, but do have ribosomes (usually bacteria)

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane

What are proteins made of?

long chains of amino acids

What are carbohydrates made of?

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

What are lipids made of?

Fatty acids and glycerol

What are nucleotides made of?

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Where do proteins come from?

Meat, dairy, bean products that you eat

Where do carbohydrates come from?

Simple carbs

Where do lipids come from?

Unsaturated fats

Where do nucleic acids come from?

your parents

What are proteins used for?

enzymes

What are carbohydrates used for?

quick energy

What are lipids used for?

long term energy storage

What are nucleic acids used for?

store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

Enzymes are a type of?

protein

What do enzymes do?

speed up chemical reactions

How do enzymes work?

Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Enzymes have an __ specific only one __

Active site, substrate

The active site can become __

denatured

Denaturing happens when an enzyme experiences?

Contact with extreme acidity, base, heat, or cold

Phospholipids

phosphate head and 2 lipid tails that make up the majority of the cell membrane

Channel proteins

used in passive transport to let molecules through

Carrier proteins

opens and closes to let molecules through

Receptor proteins

receive messages from the outside and sends them to the inside to create a response inside the cell

Passive transport

From high concentration to low

Active transport

From low concentration to high

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

Isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

Hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Light dependent reaction

O2 and energy (sunlight) go in and ATP, NADPH, water go out

Light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)

During the light

What is fermentation

Making ATP w/out oxygen

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Kreb's cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy

Electron Transport Chain

A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

What are the two types of fermentation?

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

Fermentation is an ______ process.

Anaerobic (no oxygen)

sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

centromeres are

attachments sites of chromatids.

Chromosomes are made up of

DNA

Chromosomes are

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

Uncondensed chromosomes are

chromatin

What happens in G1?

the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles

What happens in S?

DNA is replicated

What happens in G2?

Cell prepares to divide

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes condense Nuclear membrane disintegrates Centrioles move to opposite poles Spindle apparatus formed by microtubules

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens in anaphase?

Centromeres split, microtubules contract, chromosomes pulled apart to opposite poles.

What happens in telophase?

Nuclear membrane reforms Chromosomes decondense

What happens in cytokinesis?

cytoplasm splits

What happens at the end of mitosis?

cell membrane splits in two

What are gametes?

sex cells (sperm and egg)

What are somatic cells?

body cells

What are haploids?

cells that have one copy of each chromosome (23 chromosomes) (gametes)

What are diploids?

Cells with a complete set of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) (somatic cells)

What happens in prophase 1?

Crossing over occurs

What happens in metaphase 1?

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

What happens in anaphase 1?

Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell

What happens in telophase 1?

Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

What happens in prophase 2?

The nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindle apparatus forms, and chromosomes condense

What happens in metaphase 2?

Chromosomes line up in the middle

What happens in anaphase 2?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

What happens in telophase 2?

New nuclear envelopes appear and cytokinesis begins

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

Increases genetic diversity

What are the benefits of asexual reproduction?

No partner needed to reproduce Rapid reproduction Less energy needed

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size ( for prokaryotes)

Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer (for prokaryotes)

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Rule of Dominance

When an organism inherits 2 different alleles for a gene, one allele is dominant while the other allele is recessive

Law of Segregation

Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation

The three Mendelian laws are?

Rule of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment

Codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

Incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele. A middle ground is formed