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Nucleus
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Rough ER
A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins; site of protein synthesis
Vacuoles
Hold water and waste
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Vesicles
"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Allows materials to enter and exit the cell
Smooth ER
Makes lipids
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Cell Wall
GA rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Genetic Material (DNA, Chromatin, Chromosomes)
Hold instructions for amino acids and proteins
Prokaryotes
Lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles, but do have ribosomes (usually bacteria)
Eukaryotes
organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane
What are proteins made of?
long chains of amino acids
What are carbohydrates made of?
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
What are lipids made of?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are nucleotides made of?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Where do proteins come from?
Meat, dairy, bean products that you eat
Where do carbohydrates come from?
Simple carbs
Where do lipids come from?
Unsaturated fats
Where do nucleic acids come from?
your parents
What are proteins used for?
enzymes
What are carbohydrates used for?
quick energy
What are lipids used for?
long term energy storage
What are nucleic acids used for?
store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
Enzymes are a type of?
protein
What do enzymes do?
speed up chemical reactions
How do enzymes work?
Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Enzymes have an __ specific only one __
Active site, substrate
The active site can become __
denatured
Denaturing happens when an enzyme experiences?
Contact with extreme acidity, base, heat, or cold
Phospholipids
phosphate head and 2 lipid tails that make up the majority of the cell membrane
Channel proteins
used in passive transport to let molecules through
Carrier proteins
opens and closes to let molecules through
Receptor proteins
receive messages from the outside and sends them to the inside to create a response inside the cell
Passive transport
From high concentration to low
Active transport
From low concentration to high
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
Hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Light dependent reaction
O2 and energy (sunlight) go in and ATP, NADPH, water go out
Light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
During the light
What is fermentation
Making ATP w/out oxygen
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Kreb's cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Fermentation is an ______ process.
Anaerobic (no oxygen)
sister chromatids
Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.
centromeres are
attachments sites of chromatids.
Chromosomes are made up of
DNA
Chromosomes are
Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules
Uncondensed chromosomes are
chromatin
What happens in G1?
the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles
What happens in S?
DNA is replicated
What happens in G2?
Cell prepares to divide
What happens in prophase?
Chromosomes condense Nuclear membrane disintegrates Centrioles move to opposite poles Spindle apparatus formed by microtubules
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
What happens in anaphase?
Centromeres split, microtubules contract, chromosomes pulled apart to opposite poles.
What happens in telophase?
Nuclear membrane reforms Chromosomes decondense
What happens in cytokinesis?
cytoplasm splits
What happens at the end of mitosis?
cell membrane splits in two
What are gametes?
sex cells (sperm and egg)
What are somatic cells?
body cells
What are haploids?
cells that have one copy of each chromosome (23 chromosomes) (gametes)
What are diploids?
Cells with a complete set of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) (somatic cells)
What happens in prophase 1?
Crossing over occurs
What happens in metaphase 1?
Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
What happens in anaphase 1?
Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell
What happens in telophase 1?
Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed
What happens in prophase 2?
The nuclear envelope breaks down, the spindle apparatus forms, and chromosomes condense
What happens in metaphase 2?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
What happens in anaphase 2?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
What happens in telophase 2?
New nuclear envelopes appear and cytokinesis begins
What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?
Increases genetic diversity
What are the benefits of asexual reproduction?
No partner needed to reproduce Rapid reproduction Less energy needed
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size ( for prokaryotes)
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer (for prokaryotes)
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Rule of Dominance
When an organism inherits 2 different alleles for a gene, one allele is dominant while the other allele is recessive
Law of Segregation
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation
The three Mendelian laws are?
Rule of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele. A middle ground is formed
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