theme 2

CRP

• acute phase protein produced by liver

• rises within hours and disappears in days

ESR/BSE

• dependent on conc of plasma proteins vs RBC'

  • fibrinogen = acute phase protein

  • Ig’s

• rises and disappears more slowly

bacterial physiology - 5

• one chromosome (usually circular/ball in cytoplasma) → nucleoide

• divide by binary fission

• geen celkern, mito, ER en golgi

• wel DNA, RNA, ribosomes en inclusion bodies

• heeft altijd pl mem en meestal celwand

cell wall Gram + → 7

• purple

• plasma membrane

• thick peptidoglycan layer

• teichoic acid

• no outer membrane → bc no LPS

• more resis to environmental conditions (drying)

• harder to kill with detergents

cell wall Gram- → 6

• pink

• plasma membrane

• thin peptidoglycan layer

• outer membrane with LPS

• more susceptible to environmental conditions

• easier to kill with lipophillic detergentia → sensi to ethanol etc.

bac cell wall role in pathogenesis - 3

• mediates adherence to host tissues

• immunostimulatory

• cytotoxic properties

virulence peptidoglycan - 2

• proinflamma genes → proinfla cytokines prod

• peptidoglycan fragment will bind tot TLR-2 on cell mem → act the NF-kB → proinfla gene transcription

virulence LPS - 3

• proinflamma genes → proinfla cytokines prod

• mostly recognized by TLR4

• activates NF-kB even more

bacterial spores - 4

• some gram+ can do it

• dehydrated structure with thick wall

• survival in extreme conditions

• soort slaapstand

capsulated bac = virulence factor - 4

• composition = polysaccharides

• surrounds cell wall

• can be present in Gram - or +

• more pathogenic than non-encapsulated → bc prevents complement binding

intracellular survival by bacteria = virulence factors 3

• what are the fac intracell bacs

• what kind of test

• invade, survive and replicate within host cells

• facultative intracellular → can live inside or outside → salmonella, listeria, mycobac

• evade immune system → they dont get killed, bc they hide

• the inhib fusion of fagosoom en lysosoom

• PCR needed → culture not possible

acid-fast cell wall 3

• mycobacterium have thick, waxy cell wall → rich in mycolic acids

• wall slows nutrient uptake → long doubling time m. TB

• hard to phagocytose/kill

diagnostic tests for acid fast cell walls

• ZN stain = ziehl neelsen

  • appear red

• auramine stain

  • fluor yellow/greenish

which test measures host immune response = serology (4)

• IgM → vroeg, acute infectie

• IgG → later, doorgemaakte infectie

• enzyme immuno-assay

• complement fixation test

which test measures host inflammation (3)

• CRP

• ESR

• leukocyte count = aspecific

MALDI-TOF

• from culture to name of mo = identifying species

• based on proteins

PCR

• from body fluid to direct detection of mo

• based on DNA/RNA

structure of virus = 2

• capsid → protein structure surrounding nucleic acid

• around capsid there can be a lipid membrane → envelope

nucleocapsid

capsid + nucleic acid

capsomere

subunit of capsid

naked capsid virus → 3

• more resistant to environmental conditions (drying)

• more difficult to kill with detergent → chloride and iodine can

• entry of host cell → virus-induced endocytosis

enveloped viruses

• more susceptible to environmental conditions

• easier to kill with lipophilic detergentia

• entry host cell → membrane fusion or virus-induced endocytosis

classification DNA

• single stranded

• double stranded

• circular

classification RNA

• +/-

• single segmented

• double segmented

what kind of virus is cytomegalovirus

enveloped double stranded DNA

what kind of virus is enterovirus

non-enveloped positive-sense single stranded RNA virus

DNA virus = 4

• DNA resembles host cell DNA

• relatively stable within cell → can persist easily

  • chronic infection/latency

• processing in host cell nucleus

• low frequency mutations

RNA viruses = 5

• RNA labile and intended to be transient = gemaakt om tijdelijk te zijn

• persisting infections = unusual

• processing in cytoplasm

• RNA virues must encode RNA polymerase = own

  • host cell could never

• high freq of mutations → antigenic drift

what kind of virus is mpox

enveloped double stranded DNA virus

what kind of virus is measles

enveloped single stranded RNA virus

steps in viral replication = 6

1. attachement/absorption which happens before entry even

2. then viral entry → can be mem fusion/endocytosis

3. uncoating → viral cpasid is removed and nucleic acid is released

4. viral replication starts

5. assembly → new viral particles are now put together

6. viral exit

viral replication

• viral genome is replicated and viral proteins are synthesized

• bot host and viral enzymes involved

viral exit → env vs non-env

• enveloped viruses → budding

• non enveloped → cell lysis

shingles → 4

• caused by VZV

• herpesvirus family → DNA virus

• primary infection = chickenpox (varicella)

  • always followed by latency in neurons → shingles

prokaryote = 1

bacterium → single cell

eukaryote = 3

• protozoa → single cell, can be parasite, post primary pathogens

• fungi → multicellular, opportunistic pathogen

• helminths → multicellular, can be parasite

types fungi

• yeast cell

• filamentous fungi with real hyphae → arms with big/a lot of circles

• yeast with pseudohyphae → couple arms with no/little circles

structure of fungi

• outer cell wall compounds

  • mannan

  • glucan

  • chitin

• inner cell membrane → ergosterol

reproduction of yeast = fungi

• budding

• yeast = unicellular fungi

reproduction of molds = fungi + door wie bestreden (3)

• are filamentous fungi → so grow as multicellular hyphal networs

• sexual → spores

• asexual → conidia

• macrofagen, granulocyten, TC

aspergillus fumigatus → what, def disorder

• filamentous fungi

• if pt doesnt have neutrophils → dangerous = granulocytopenia

  • invasive aspergillosis → pneumonia/dissemination

candida albicans

• lives on skin

• disrupted barrier/immune system → vaginitis or stromatitis

trichophyton mentagrophytes

• between the toes or on skin → dermatitis

• ringworm

direct life cycle

parasite needs only 1 host

complex/indirect life cycle

parasite requires multiple hosts

types of hosts

• definitive host → where para reaches sexual maturity, reprod there

  • mosquito

• intermediate host → where larval.asexual stages develop

  • human

• resevoir host → another host that maintains prasite in nature

classidication of parasites

• ecto → scbies mite

• endo

  • protozoa → e. histolytica

  • helminths → s. stercoralis

liofecycle and reprodc giardia lamblia → 5

• infective stage → para transmitted via ingestion of mature cysts

• in host → excystation

  • cysts go to duo → stomach acids triggers excy → release throphozoites

• tropho → metabolically act stage → stick to intestine wall

• reproduction → asex via long binary fission

• encystation → in colon thropho goes back to c

hosts of plasmodium

• human → intermediate host

• anopheles → def host

toxoplasma gondii life cycle → 3 hosts

• cysts from cat/rodents → def host

• into animals that give eatable meat → int host

• into human → dead end host

toxoplasmosis

• asymptomatic infection or mild disease in healthy host

• impaired TC immunity → risk of severe course of react

helminths types

• roundwormes = nematodes → s. stercoralis

• tapeworms = cestodes → taenia saginata

• flukes = trematodes → schistosoma mansoni

helminths charecteristics → 4

• have organs

• female or male → also hermaphrodite

• production → eggs, sometimes larvae

• no replication in host → worms get in by infection (ONE EXCEPTION)

the one exception how worms get in → 4

• larvae are excreted peri anal → contact with skin → auto-infection

• strongyloides stercoralis

• percutaneous infection (nakes feet) → visceral migration → eggs in duo → excrete in feces

• TC imapired → severe react