HTH study guide (2)

Attribution Theory Concept

People are motivated to understand their environment and the cases of particular events or try to determine why people do what they do.

Locus of control

This is the location of the source of success or failure (personality or environment)

Internal Locus of control

Events are the result of something within the person that he/she has control over (skill, knowledge, desire)

External locus control

Events are the result of things outside the person that he/she does not have control over (fate, luck, chance)

Stability

Considers whether or not the situation is likely to remain the same overtime

Stable internal

Things within person that are constant from day-to-day, ex athletic ability, creativity, IQ score

Stable external causes

Things outside of the person that are stable from day-to-day ex safety of the environment, access to healthcare, laws

unstable internal

Things within the person that can do change from day-to-day ex mood, desire, energy level

Unstable external

Things outside of the person that can do change from day-to-day ex luck, weather, available fruits, and vegetables at the store

Controllability

The degree to which a person believes they or another entity is capable of controlling the casualty of an outcome ex internal unstable (mood) can be controlled

Transtheoretical model

People are at different stages of readiness to adopt healthful behaviors

Precontemplation

No intention to take action in the near future ~ 6 months “I don’t need to chnage”

Reluctant Precontemplation

Individual are simply unwillingly to consider Change. They are comfortable with their current situation

Rebellious Precontemplation

Individuals are heavily invested in being independent and making their own choices. They do not like being told what to do

Resigned Precontemplation

Individuals feel hopeless and helpless about change. They may have attempted to change but failed and feel like failures

Rationalizing Precontemplation

Individuals have created a protective reason for why their behavior does not pose a risk to themselves

Contemplation

Acknowledging that there is a problem, but not yet ready, not sure of wanting, or lacks confidence to make a change. Intention to change in the near future ~ 6 months

Preparation

Intention to take action soon May ~1month may have attempted to modify behavior in the past year, has a plan of action

Action

Recent specific overt modification to change behavior (~6 months)

Maintenance

Individuals have successfully attained and maintained behavior change for at least six months. Specific sustained modifications in lifestyle, working to prevent relapse

Protection Motivation Theory

Fear motivates people to change attitudes and behaviors

Threat Appraisal (term)

Assessing personal vulnerability to and seriousness of a threat

Coping Appraisal (term)

Assessing recommended action effectiveness, personal ability to carry out, and cost

severity + vulnerability - rewards =

Threat appraisal

Response Efficacy + Response self-efficacy - response cost =

Coping appraisal

Threat Severity

Personal perception of the seriousness, awfulness terribleness, of a threat

Ex how terrible is liver damage to someone taking acetaminophen?

Threat vulnerability

Perception of personal risk or vulnerability

Ex what is my risk of liver damage from taking acetaminophen?

Response Efficacy

The recommended action is believed effective in preventing or reducing the threat

Ex if the belief is that the flu vaccine is effective, they are more likely to get the vaccine

Response self-Efficacy

Extent to which a person believes they have the ability to carry out the action

Ex if a person believes they have the ability to eliminate sodas from their diet than the action is more likely to be adopted

Response cost

Expense associated with adopting the behavior. If the cost is too high, it is unlikely to be adopted even if there is a response efficacy a response self efficacy.

Ex cost, time, personnel

Social cognitive behavior

People are not simply shaped by that environment; they are active participants in their environment

Reciprocal Determinism

The foundation of social cognitive theory - behavioral, personal factors and environmental factors interact with each other, and changing them all

Expectations

The anticipated outcomes of the behavior which are influenced by: past experience in similar situations and the emotional or physical response that occurs as a results of the behavior

Expectancies

The values the person places on the outcomes. Assigning a value to the outcome of behavior change. The value or importance placed on the expected outcome Ex. Good/bad, positive/negative, useful/useless, etc.

Self-regulation

The process of identifying a goal or a set of goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal (e.g., thoughts and affects) and external (e.g., response of anything or anyone in the environment) feedback to maximize the goal attainment.

Controlling oneself through self-monitoring, goal-setting, feedback, self-reward, self-instruction, and enlistment of social support.

Observational learning

Learning by watching others - modeling

Watching and observing outcomes of other performing or modeling the desired behavior

Behavioral capability

A person’s ability to perform a behavior by means of using their own knowledge and skills

Reinforcement

Rewards and punishments

• Rewards for maintaining positive health

• Punishment for a behavior tends not to lead to positive behavior change

Reinforcer

Stimulus to increase the behavior, means you are increasing a behavior

Punishment

Stimulus to decrease the behavior, means you are decreasing a behavior